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ECOLOGY STUDY GUIDE Major Learnings1. All systems, regardless of scale, continually change, interact with one another and need organization to function. 2. Energy and matter exist in different forms. They are conserved, converted, or transferred throughout systems. 3. Models can be used to illustrate the properties of a system. 4. There are distinct patterns in the organization of nature. Essential and Guiding Questions 1. What factors determine the type of environment will exist and how is that environment sustained? a. What are the components of an environment? b. What are the stages of succession in an environment? c. What are the characteristics of climax communities in the biomes? d. How do materials cycle through an ecosystem? e. How may humans affect those cycles? 2. How do living and nonliving things interact in an ecosystem? a. What are the biotic factors in an ecosystem? b. What are the various biotic interactions? c. What are the abiotic factors in an ecosystem? d. How do biotic and abiotic factors (e.g. limiting factors) influence populations (ie carrying capacity?) 3. How do we measure the health of the environment? a. How is biological diversity an indicator of environmental health? b. How do humans affect the stability of the environment? c. What can be done to improve the state of the environment? Students should be able to : 1. Describe the levels of ecological organization – organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere. 2. Describe the characteristic biotic and abiotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 3. Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem (e.g., food chains, food webs, energy pyramids) 4. Describe biotic interactions in an ecosystem (e.g., competition ,predation, symbiosis) 5. Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle) 6. Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances (e.g., climate changes, introduction of nonnative species, pollution, fires) 7. Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction. 8. Recognize common stream benthics – stonefly, mayfly, caddisfly, dobsonfly , dragonfly, scud, water penny beetle, cranefly larva and describe their life cycles. 9. Recognize common stream plankton (algae, desmids, diatoms, ciliates, flagellates, crustaceans, amoeba) 10. Calculate the biotic index when presented with stream data. 11. Calculate velocity, average depth and total volume when presented with stream data. 12. Describe the 6 major Watersheds of Pennsylvania (names & location/water flow/size.) 13. Explain the equipment used and procedures followed at the stream study. VOCABULARY Abiotic Equilibrium pH Autotroph Eutrophication Phosphates Ammonification Evaporation Pioneer Species Batesian Mimicry Extinction Plankton (phyto/zoo) Benthic Food Chain Pool Biodiversity Food Web Population Biomass Fossil Fuel Precipitation Biomes Grassland Predator Biotic Greenhouse Effect Prey Biotic Index Ground Water Primary Succession Camouflage Habitat Producer Carnivore (1st & 2nd levels) Hardness Resource Partitioning Carbon Cycle Headwater Riffle Carrying Capacity Herbivore Riparian Zone Character Displacement Climax Community Heterotroph Saprophyte Invasive Species Scavenger Combustion Keystone Species Scud Commensalism Larva Community Limiting Factors Secondary Compound Secondary Succession Competition (density dependent and independent) Species Diversity Marine Species Richness Decomposer Metamorphosis Stream Order Delineate Mimicry Succession Denitrification Mullerian Mimicry Symbiosis Desert Mutualism Temperate Deciduous Forest Detritus Niche Tiaga Detritivore Nitrates Tolerance Value Dissolved Oxygen Ectoparasite Nitrification Transpiration Nitrogen Cycle Trophic Levels Nitrogen Fixation Tropical Rainforest Nonnative Species Nymph Tundra Endoparasite Energy Pyramid Omnivore Watershed Enrichment Ozone Layer Environment Parasitism Competitive Exclusion Consumer (1°, 2°, 3°) Ecosystem Endangered Species Species Evenness Water Cycle