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AP Review – Life and Chemistry Name: Date: ___B_ 1. The atomic number of an element refers to the number of a. b. c. d. protons and neutrons in a an atom protons in an atom Belectrons in an atom neutrons in an atom ___B__ 2. Which of the following statements concerning electrons is not correct? a. b. c. d. Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom in defined orbitals. The outer shell of all atoms must contain eight electrons. An atom may have more than one valence shell. Electrons are negatively charged particles. __D__ 3. The element with which of the following atomic numbers would be most stable? a. 1 b. 3 c. 12 d. 18 __A__ 4. How can you differentiate between an element and a molecule? a. b. c. d. Molecules may be composed of different types of atoms, whereas elements are always composed of only one type of atom. Molecules are composed of only one type of atom, whereas elements are composed of different types of atoms. Molecules are elements. Molecules always have larger atomic weights than elements. __A__ 5. The strongest chemical bonds occur when a. b. c. d. two atoms share electrons in a covalent bond two atoms share electrons in an ionic bond. Hydrogen bonds are formed Van der Waals forces are in effect __D__ 6. You have discovered that a molecule is hydrophilic. What else do you know about this molecule? a. b. c. d. It cannot form hydrogen bonds It is a polar molecule It has a partial positive region and a patial negative region Both b and c ___C__ 7. The stability of the three‐dimensional shape of many large molecules is dependant on a. covalent bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. van der Waals forces __B__ 8. Which of the following properties makes water an excellent solvent? a. b. c. d. the pH of water is 7 Water is a polar molecule Water has a high surface tension Water has a high heat capacity __D__ 9. Cola has a pH of 3; blood plasma has a pH of 7. The hydrogen ion concentration of cola is ______ than the hydrogen ion concentration of blood plasma. a. 4 time greater b. 10 times lesser c. 400 time greater d. 10,000 times greater __B__ 10. If solution A has a pH of 2 and solution B has a pH of 8, which of the following statements is ture? a. b. A is basic and B is acidic b. A is acidic and B is basic A has a greater (OH‐) than B. c. A is a base and B is an acid ___C_ 11. Which of the following is not an organic molecule? a. b. c. d. C6H12O6 CH3OH H2SO4 CH3COOH 12. In the following figures, place electrons in the appropriate shells based on the atomic numbers of the elements carbon (6C), nitrogen (7N), sodium (11Na), chlorine (17Cl), argon, (18Ar), and oxygen (8O). Notice how the five electrons in the valence shell are distributed. When drawing them in, place the electrons in the following order: one at the top, one on the right, one at the bottom, one on the left and repeat for any remaining electrons (up to 8 for the second shell). This represents the pairing of electrons in orbitals. 13. Calcium has an atomic number of 20. Draw structures for Ca and Ca2+. What is different about these structures? Calcium’s electrons in orbitals are shown to the left. Notice how the two electrons in the valence shell (outermost shell) are paired? This is done sometimes when only two electrons are in the valence shell – it helps to make sure you don’t “lose them” in the diagram by separating them. To draw Ca2+, think about what the 2+ means. In a stable atom, the number of protons are equal to the number of electrons so that there is no charge to the atom. Since Ca2+ has a charge, we know that either protons or electrons have been “lost”. If I removed protons, I’d be left with more electrons that protons which would give me a negative charge. Since there is a positive charge, I know that two negative electrons were removed (probably donated to another atom) leaving me with two more protons than electrons. I know that electrons are removed from the outermost shells first, so Ca2+ should look just like Ca, but the outermost shell and two electrons are missing. 14. Nitrogen atoms can form triple bonds with each other. What is a triple bond? How many electrons are shared between two N atoms? In a triple bond, three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. 15. Rank the following solutions in order from the most acid to the most basic __1_ Lemon Juice, pH = 2 Of the items in the list, which has the highest 1 = highest H+ concentration __4_ Mylanta, pH = 10 concentration of H+ ions? Which has the lowest 5 = lowest H+ concentration __2_ Sprite, pH = 3 concentration of H+ ions? __5_ Drain cleaner, pH = 15 __3_ Seawater, pH = 8