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Chapter 4: Verbs 8th Grade English Lesson 1: What is a Verb? O A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being. O Two main types of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs, O Both kinds can be accompanied by helping verbs. Lesson 1: What is a Verb? O Action Verbs O An action verb tells what its subject does. O The action it expresses may be either physical or mental. O The roller coaster climbs up a hill. O Then the coaster plunges straight down. O Some people hate amusement parks. O Others enjoy them. Lesson 1: What is a Verb? O Linking Verbs O A linking verb links its subject to a word in the predicate. O The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb be. O Linking Verbs Forms of Be Verbs that Express Condition Be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being Appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, smell, sound, taste Lesson 1: What is a Verb? O Linking Verbs, Continued: O The Cyclone is a roller coaster. O Its name sounds dangerous. Lesson 1: What is a Verb? O Some verbs can serve as either action or linking verbs. O A passenger looks at the roller coaster. O She looks eager. O She feels ready. O She feels the steel bar across her lap. Lesson 1: What is a Verb? O Helping Verbs and Verb Phrases O Helping verbs help main verbs express precise shades of meaning O The combination of one or more helping verbs with a main verb is called a verb phrase. O Many people will ride the Cyclone this weekend. O They must want some thrills in their lives. Lesson 1: What is a Verb? O Some verbs can serve both as main verbs and as helping verbs. O For example, has stands alone in the first sentence below but is a helping verb in the second sentence. O Rich Rodriguez has no fear of roller coasters. O He has set a world roller coaster record. Lesson 1: What is a Verb? O Common Helping Verbs Forms of Be Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being Forms of Do Do, does, did Forms of Have Has, have, had Others Could, should, would, may, might, must, can, shall, will Lesson 2: Action Verbs and Objects O Action verbs are often accompanied by words that complete their meaning. O These complements are direct objects and indirect objects. Lesson 2: Action Verbs and Objects O A direct object is a noun or pronoun that names the receiver of a verb’s action. O The direct object answers the question what or whom. O Evel Knievel gained much fame. O He performed dangerous stunts on a motorcycle. Lesson 2: Action Verbs and Objects O An indirect object tells to what or whom or for what or whom an action is being done. O Verbs that often take indirect objects include bring, give, hand, lend, make, send, show, teach, tell, and write. O Knievel gave a thrill. (Gave a thrill to whom?) O Knievel gave his fans a thrill. O Knievel taught his son some stunts. Lesson 2: Action Verbs and Objects O If the word to or for appears in the sentence, the word that follows is NOT an indirect object. It is the object of a preposition. O Show the stunt to us. O Show us the stunt. Lesson 2: Action Verbs and Objects O Transitive and Intransitive Verbs O An action verb that has a direct object is called a transitive verb. O An action verb that does not have a direct object is called an intransitive verb. O Knievel cleared nineteen cars in one stunt. O His motorcycle sailed through the air. Lesson 2: Action Verbs and Objects O Sometimes an intransitive verb is followed by a word that looks like a direct object, but is really an adverb. O An adverb tells where, when, how, or to what extent, but a D.O. answers the question what or whom. Lesson 3: Linking Verbs and Predicate Words O The word that a linking verb connects its subject to is called a subject complement. O The subject complement identifies or describes the subject. O Some common linking verbs are is, feel, seem, and look. O Paul Revere’s mount was a saddle horse. O The mare seemed very fast. Lesson 3: Linking Verbs and Predicate Words O A predicate noun is a noun that follows a linking verb and identifies, renames, or defines the subject. O Brown Beauty was the mare’s name. O Mr. Larkin was the horse’s owner. Lesson 3: Linking Verbs and Predicate Words O A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject. O Saddle horses are powerful. O They look distinctive. Lesson 4: Principal Parts of Verbs O Every verb has four basic forms called its principal parts: O Present O Present participle O Past O Past participle O These principal parts are used to make all of the forms and tenses of the verb. Lesson 4: Principal Parts of Verbs O Balloonists sail on wind currents. O Present O They often are riding jet streams. O Present participle O Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones circled the earth in a balloon in 1999. O Past O Many balloonists have tried the feat. O Past participle Lesson 4: Principal Parts of Verbs O The four principal parts of a verb: O Notice that helping verbs are used with the present participle and past participle. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle Sail (is,are) sailing Sailed (has, have) sailed lift (is, are) lifting Lifted (has, have) lifted Lesson 4: Principal Parts of Verbs O Regular Verbs O There are two kinds of verbs, regular and irregular. O A regular verb is a verb whose past and past participle are formed by adding –ed or –d to the present form. O It forms the present participle by adding – ing to the present form. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle Succeed (is, are) succeeding Succeeded (has, have) succeeded Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs O Irregular Verbs are verbs whose past and past participles are not made by adding –ed or –d to the present. Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs O Common Irregular Verbs O For more examples, see pg. 102-103 in your hardcover book O Group 1: Present, past, and past participle are all the same. O Present: Burst O Past: burst O Past Participle:(has, have) burst Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs O Group 2: the forms of the past and past participle are the same. O Present: Bring O Past: brought O Past Participle: (has, have) brought Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs O Group 3: The past participle is formed by adding –n or –en to the past form. O Present: Bite O Past: bit O Past Participle:(has, have) bitten Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs O Group 4: The past participle is formed from the present form, often by adding –n or –en. O Present: do O Past: did O Past Participle: (has, have) done Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs O Group 5: The last vowel changes from i in the present, to a in the past, to u in the past participle. O Present: Begin O Past: Began O Past Participle: (has, have) begun Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs O The irregular verb Be: O The past and past participle do not follow any pattern. O Present: am, are, is O Past: was, were O Past Participle: (has, have) been Lesson 6: Simple Tenses O A tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. O Verbs have three simple tenses: the present, the past, and the future. Lesson 6: Simple Tenses O Understanding Simple Tenses O The present tense shows that an action or condition occurs now. O The hatch of the lunar module opens. O The past tense shows that an action or condition was completed in the past. O The module reached Tranquility Base thirty minutes ago. O The future tense shows that an action or condition will occur in the future. O Soon the occupants will walk on the moon. Lesson 6: Simple Tenses O A progressive form of a verb expresses an action or condition in progress. O The progressive forms of the three simple tenses are used to show that actions or conditions were, are, or will be in progress. Lesson 6: Simple Tenses O Progressive Tenses O Present Progressive: O You are operating a virtual-reality model of the Apollo 11 mission. O Past Progressive: O You were blasting off before. O Future Progressive: O You will be sharing the game with a friend. Lesson 6: Simple Tenses O Forming Simple Tenses Singular Plural Present (present principal part) I moonwalk. You moonwalk. He moonwalks. We moonwalk. You moonwalk. They moonwalk. Past (past principal part) I moonwalked. You moonwalked. She moonwalked. We moonwalked. You moonwalked. They moonwalked. Future (will + present part) I will moonwalk. We will moonwalk. You will moonwalk. You will moonwalk. It will moonwalk. They will moonwalk. Lesson 6: Simple Tenses O Forming Progressive Tenses O To make the progressive form of one of these tenses, add the present, past, or future form of be to the present participle (-ing verb). O Present Progressive: I am moonwalking. O Past Progressive: I was moonwalking. O Future Progressive: I will be moonwalking. Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses O The present perfect tense places an action or condition in a stretch of time leading up to the present. O Many people have rafted through the Grand Canyon. O People rafted through the canyon at unspecified times before the present. Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses O The past perfect tense places a past action or condition before another past action or condition. O After the guide had straightened the raft, we entered the rapids. O The straightening occurred before the entering. Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses O The future perfect tense places a future action or condition before another future action or condition. O We will have cleared many rapids before the trip ends. O The clearing will occur before the ending. Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses O Forming Perfect Tenses O To form the present perfect, past perfect, or future perfect tenses, add the present, past, or future form of have to the past participle. Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses O Forming Perfect Tenses Singular Plural Present Perfect (has or have + past participle) I have rafted. You have rafted. She has rafted. We have rafted. You have rafted. They have rafted. Past Perfect (had + past participle) I had rafted. You had rafted. He had rafted. We had rafted. You had rafted. They had rafted. Future Perfect (will have + past participle) I will have rafted. You will have rafted. She will have rafted. We will have rafted. You will have rafted. They will have rafted. Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses O A good writer uses different verb tenses to indicate that events occur at different times. O If you do not need to indicate a change of time, do not switch from one tense to another. Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses O Writing about the Present O The present tenses convey actions and conditions O O O O that occur in the present. When you write about the present, you can use the present tense, present perfect tense, and present progressive form. Present: People ride many animals besides horses. Present Perfect: Indians have trained elephants for thousands of yeares. Present Progressive: Elephant handlers are continuing an old tradition. Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses O Writing about the Past O The past tenses convey actions and conditions that came to an end in the past. O When you write about the past, you can use past verb forms to indicate the order in which events occurred. O Using these forms correctly will make it easier for readers to follow the events. Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses O Writing about the Past, cont. O Past: In 218 B.C., Hannibal’s army crossed the Alps with elephants. O Past Perfect: Other generals had used elephants in war before Hannibal did. O Past Progressive: Hannibal’s elephants were scaring the Roman army’s horses, as well as its soldiers. Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses O Writing about the Future O The future tenses convey actions and conditions that are yet to come. O By using different future verb forms, you can show how future events are related in time. Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses O Writing about the Future, cont. O Future: Maybe you will ride an elephant one day. O Future Perfect: By the time you are an adult, perhaps elephants will have survived threats to their existence. O Future Progressive: Elephant herds will be prospering with protection. Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb Pairs O Some verbs seem similar but are actually different words with different meanings. O Troublesome verb pairs include lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise, and let and leave. Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb Pairs O Lie and Lay O Lie means “to rest in a flat position.” It does not take an object. O The worker lies near the tree. O Lay means “to put or place.” It does take an object. O He lays a bucket near the tree. Present Past Past Participle Lie/lies: Al lies down. Lay: Al lay down Lain: Al has lain down. Lay/lays: Al lays the sponge down. Laid: Al laid the sponge down. Laid: Al has laid the sponge down. Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb Pairs O Sit and Set O Sit means “to be seated.” It does not take an object. O The worker sits by the window. O Set means “to put or place.” It does take an object. O He sets the squeegee near the sill. Present Past Past Participle Sit/sits: He sits on the ledge. Sat: He sat on the ledge. Sat: He has sat on the ledge. Set/sets: Amy sets down the screen. Set: Amy set down the screen. Set: Amy has set down the screen. Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb Pairs O Rise and Raise O Rise means “to move upward” or “to get out of bed.” It does not take an object. O Lee rises before dawn every morning. O Raise means “to lift” or “to care for or bring up.” It does take an object. O Lee raises the window. Present Past Past Participle Rise/rises: The hot Rose: The hot air air rises. rose. Risen: The hot air has risen. Raise/raises: Irene Raised: Irene raises the screen. raised the screen. Raised: Irene has raised the screen. Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb Pairs O Let and Leave O Let means “to allow” or “to permit.” O Frank let his son operate the rig. O Leave means “to depart” or to allow something to remain where it is.” O Marta leaves the windows closed. O Both let and leave may take an object. Present Past Past Participle Let/lets: Anna lets me help. Let: Anna let me help. Let: Anna has let me help. Leave/leaves: Tom leaves for work at noon. Left: Tom left for work at noon yesterday. Left: Tom has left for work.