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Chapter 4: Verbs
8th Grade English
Lesson 1: What is a Verb?
O A verb is a word used to express an action, a
condition, or a state of being.
O Two main types of verbs are action verbs and
linking verbs,
O Both kinds can be accompanied by helping
verbs.
Lesson 1: What is a Verb?
O Action Verbs
O An action verb tells what its subject does.
O The action it expresses may be either
physical or mental.
O The roller coaster climbs up a hill.
O Then the coaster plunges straight down.
O Some people hate amusement parks.
O Others enjoy them.
Lesson 1: What is a Verb?
O Linking Verbs
O A linking verb links its subject to a word in the
predicate.
O The most common linking verbs are forms of
the verb be.
O Linking Verbs
Forms of Be
Verbs that Express Condition
Be, is, am, are, was, were,
been, being
Appear, become, feel, grow,
look, remain, smell, sound,
taste
Lesson 1: What is a Verb?
O Linking Verbs, Continued:
O The Cyclone is a roller coaster.
O Its name sounds dangerous.
Lesson 1: What is a Verb?
O Some verbs can serve as either action or
linking verbs.
O A passenger looks at the roller coaster.
O She looks eager.
O She feels ready.
O She feels the steel bar across her lap.
Lesson 1: What is a Verb?
O Helping Verbs and Verb Phrases
O Helping verbs help main verbs express
precise shades of meaning
O The combination of one or more helping
verbs with a main verb is called a verb
phrase.
O Many people will ride the Cyclone this weekend.
O They must want some thrills in their lives.
Lesson 1: What is a Verb?
O Some verbs can serve both as main verbs
and as helping verbs.
O For example, has stands alone in the first
sentence below but is a helping verb in the
second sentence.
O Rich Rodriguez has no fear of roller coasters.
O He has set a world roller coaster record.
Lesson 1: What is a Verb?
O Common Helping Verbs
Forms of Be
Be, am, is, are, was, were,
been, being
Forms of Do
Do, does, did
Forms of Have
Has, have, had
Others
Could, should, would, may,
might, must, can, shall, will
Lesson 2: Action Verbs and
Objects
O Action verbs are often accompanied by
words that complete their meaning.
O These complements are direct objects and
indirect objects.
Lesson 2: Action Verbs and
Objects
O A direct object is a noun or pronoun that
names the receiver of a verb’s action.
O The direct object answers the question what
or whom.
O Evel Knievel gained much fame.
O He performed dangerous stunts on a
motorcycle.
Lesson 2: Action Verbs and
Objects
O An indirect object tells to what or whom or
for what or whom an action is being done.
O Verbs that often take indirect objects
include bring, give, hand, lend, make, send,
show, teach, tell, and write.
O Knievel gave a thrill. (Gave a thrill to whom?)
O Knievel gave his fans a thrill.
O Knievel taught his son some stunts.
Lesson 2: Action Verbs and
Objects
O If the word to or for appears in the sentence,
the word that follows is NOT an indirect
object. It is the object of a preposition.
O Show the stunt to us.
O Show us the stunt.
Lesson 2: Action Verbs and
Objects
O Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
O An action verb that has a direct object is
called a transitive verb.
O An action verb that does not have a direct
object is called an intransitive verb.
O Knievel cleared nineteen cars in one stunt.
O His motorcycle sailed through the air.
Lesson 2: Action Verbs and
Objects
O Sometimes an intransitive verb is followed by
a word that looks like a direct object, but is
really an adverb.
O An adverb tells where, when, how, or to what
extent, but a D.O. answers the question what
or whom.
Lesson 3: Linking Verbs and
Predicate Words
O The word that a linking verb connects its
subject to is called a subject complement.
O The subject complement identifies or
describes the subject.
O Some common linking verbs are is, feel,
seem, and look.
O Paul Revere’s mount was a saddle horse.
O The mare seemed very fast.
Lesson 3: Linking Verbs and
Predicate Words
O A predicate noun is a noun that follows a
linking verb and identifies, renames, or
defines the subject.
O Brown Beauty was the mare’s name.
O Mr. Larkin was the horse’s owner.
Lesson 3: Linking Verbs and
Predicate Words
O A predicate adjective is an adjective that
follows a linking verb and modifies the
subject.
O Saddle horses are powerful.
O They look distinctive.
Lesson 4: Principal Parts of
Verbs
O Every verb has four basic forms called its
principal parts:
O Present
O Present participle
O Past
O Past participle
O These principal parts are used to make all of
the forms and tenses of the verb.
Lesson 4: Principal Parts of
Verbs
O Balloonists sail on wind currents.
O Present
O They often are riding jet streams.
O Present participle
O Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones circled the
earth in a balloon in 1999.
O Past
O Many balloonists have tried the feat.
O Past participle
Lesson 4: Principal Parts of
Verbs
O The four principal parts of a verb:
O Notice that helping verbs are used with the
present participle and past participle.
Present
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
Sail
(is,are)
sailing
Sailed
(has, have)
sailed
lift
(is, are) lifting Lifted
(has, have)
lifted
Lesson 4: Principal Parts of
Verbs
O Regular Verbs
O There are two kinds of verbs, regular and
irregular.
O A regular verb is a verb whose past and past
participle are formed by adding –ed or –d to
the present form.
O It forms the present participle by adding –
ing to the present form.
Present
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
Succeed
(is, are)
succeeding
Succeeded
(has, have)
succeeded
Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs
O Irregular Verbs are verbs whose past and
past participles are not made by adding –ed
or –d to the present.
Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs
O Common Irregular Verbs
O For more examples, see pg. 102-103 in your
hardcover book
O Group 1: Present, past, and past participle
are all the same.
O Present: Burst
O Past: burst
O Past Participle:(has, have) burst
Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs
O Group 2: the forms of the past and past
participle are the same.
O Present: Bring
O Past: brought
O Past Participle: (has, have) brought
Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs
O Group 3: The past participle is formed by
adding –n or –en to the past form.
O Present: Bite
O Past: bit
O Past Participle:(has, have) bitten
Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs
O Group 4: The past participle is formed from
the present form, often by adding –n or –en.
O Present: do
O Past: did
O Past Participle: (has, have) done
Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs
O Group 5: The last vowel changes from i in
the present, to a in the past, to u in the past
participle.
O Present: Begin
O Past: Began
O Past Participle: (has, have) begun
Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs
O The irregular verb Be:
O The past and past participle do not follow any
pattern.
O Present: am, are, is
O Past: was, were
O Past Participle: (has, have) been
Lesson 6: Simple Tenses
O A tense is a verb form that shows the time of
an action or condition.
O Verbs have three simple tenses: the present,
the past, and the future.
Lesson 6: Simple Tenses
O Understanding Simple Tenses
O The present tense shows that an action or
condition occurs now.
O The hatch of the lunar module opens.
O The past tense shows that an action or condition
was completed in the past.
O The module reached Tranquility Base thirty
minutes ago.
O The future tense shows that an action or
condition will occur in the future.
O Soon the occupants will walk on the moon.
Lesson 6: Simple Tenses
O A progressive form of a verb expresses an
action or condition in progress.
O The progressive forms of the three simple
tenses are used to show that actions or
conditions were, are, or will be in progress.
Lesson 6: Simple Tenses
O Progressive Tenses
O Present Progressive:
O You are operating a virtual-reality model of the
Apollo 11 mission.
O Past Progressive:
O You were blasting off before.
O Future Progressive:
O You will be sharing the game with a friend.
Lesson 6: Simple Tenses
O Forming Simple Tenses
Singular
Plural
Present (present
principal part)
I moonwalk.
You moonwalk.
He moonwalks.
We moonwalk.
You moonwalk.
They moonwalk.
Past (past
principal part)
I moonwalked.
You moonwalked.
She moonwalked.
We moonwalked.
You moonwalked.
They moonwalked.
Future (will +
present part)
I will moonwalk.
We will moonwalk.
You will moonwalk. You will moonwalk.
It will moonwalk.
They will
moonwalk.
Lesson 6: Simple Tenses
O Forming Progressive Tenses
O To make the progressive form of one of these
tenses, add the present, past, or future form
of be to the present participle (-ing verb).
O Present Progressive: I am moonwalking.
O Past Progressive: I was moonwalking.
O Future Progressive: I will be moonwalking.
Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses
O The present perfect tense places an action
or condition in a stretch of time leading up
to the present.
O Many people have rafted through the Grand
Canyon.
O People rafted through the canyon at
unspecified times before the present.
Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses
O The past perfect tense places a past action
or condition before another past action or
condition.
O After the guide had straightened the raft, we
entered the rapids.
O The straightening occurred before the entering.
Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses
O The future perfect tense places a future
action or condition before another future
action or condition.
O We will have cleared many rapids before the
trip ends.
O The clearing will occur before the ending.
Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses
O Forming Perfect Tenses
O To form the present perfect, past perfect, or
future perfect tenses, add the present, past,
or future form of have to the past participle.
Lesson 7: Perfect Tenses
O Forming Perfect Tenses
Singular
Plural
Present Perfect
(has or have +
past participle)
I have rafted.
You have rafted.
She has rafted.
We have rafted.
You have rafted.
They have rafted.
Past Perfect
(had + past
participle)
I had rafted.
You had rafted.
He had rafted.
We had rafted.
You had rafted.
They had rafted.
Future Perfect
(will have + past
participle)
I will have rafted.
You will have
rafted.
She will have
rafted.
We will have
rafted.
You will have
rafted.
They will have
rafted.
Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses
O A good writer uses different verb tenses to
indicate that events occur at different times.
O If you do not need to indicate a change of
time, do not switch from one tense to
another.
Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses
O Writing about the Present
O The present tenses convey actions and conditions
O
O
O
O
that occur in the present.
When you write about the present, you can use
the present tense, present perfect tense, and
present progressive form.
Present: People ride many animals besides
horses.
Present Perfect: Indians have trained elephants
for thousands of yeares.
Present Progressive: Elephant handlers are
continuing an old tradition.
Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses
O Writing about the Past
O The past tenses convey actions and
conditions that came to an end in the past.
O When you write about the past, you can use
past verb forms to indicate the order in which
events occurred.
O Using these forms correctly will make it
easier for readers to follow the events.
Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses
O Writing about the Past, cont.
O Past: In 218 B.C., Hannibal’s army crossed
the Alps with elephants.
O Past Perfect: Other generals had used
elephants in war before Hannibal did.
O Past Progressive: Hannibal’s elephants were
scaring the Roman army’s horses, as well as
its soldiers.
Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses
O Writing about the Future
O The future tenses convey actions and
conditions that are yet to come.
O By using different future verb forms, you can
show how future events are related in time.
Lesson 8: Using Verb Tenses
O Writing about the Future, cont.
O Future: Maybe you will ride an elephant one
day.
O Future Perfect: By the time you are an adult,
perhaps elephants will have survived threats
to their existence.
O Future Progressive: Elephant herds will be
prospering with protection.
Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb
Pairs
O Some verbs seem similar but are actually
different words with different meanings.
O Troublesome verb pairs include lie and lay,
sit and set, rise and raise, and let and leave.
Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb
Pairs
O Lie and Lay
O Lie means “to rest in a flat position.” It does
not take an object.
O The worker lies near the tree.
O Lay means “to put or place.” It does take an
object.
O He lays a bucket near the tree.
Present
Past
Past Participle
Lie/lies: Al lies
down.
Lay: Al lay down
Lain: Al has lain
down.
Lay/lays: Al lays
the sponge down.
Laid: Al laid the
sponge down.
Laid: Al has laid
the sponge down.
Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb
Pairs
O Sit and Set
O Sit means “to be seated.” It does not take an
object.
O The worker sits by the window.
O Set means “to put or place.” It does take an
object.
O He sets the squeegee near the sill.
Present
Past
Past Participle
Sit/sits: He sits on
the ledge.
Sat: He sat on the
ledge.
Sat: He has sat on
the ledge.
Set/sets: Amy sets
down the screen.
Set: Amy set down
the screen.
Set: Amy has set
down the screen.
Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb
Pairs
O Rise and Raise
O Rise means “to move upward” or “to get out
of bed.” It does not take an object.
O Lee rises before dawn every morning.
O Raise means “to lift” or “to care for or bring
up.” It does take an object.
O Lee raises the window.
Present
Past
Past Participle
Rise/rises: The hot Rose: The hot air
air rises.
rose.
Risen: The hot air
has risen.
Raise/raises: Irene Raised: Irene
raises the screen. raised the screen.
Raised: Irene has
raised the screen.
Lesson 9: Troublesome Verb
Pairs
O Let and Leave
O Let means “to allow” or “to permit.”
O Frank let his son operate the rig.
O Leave means “to depart” or to allow
something to remain where it is.”
O Marta leaves the windows closed.
O Both let and leave may take an object.
Present
Past
Past Participle
Let/lets: Anna lets
me help.
Let: Anna let me
help.
Let: Anna has let
me help.
Leave/leaves: Tom
leaves for work at
noon.
Left: Tom left for
work at noon
yesterday.
Left: Tom has left
for work.