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Protein Synthesis
1/19/2016
Review DNA STructgure
DNA Structure

What does DNA stand for?
 Deoxyribonucleic acid

Shape?
 Double Helix
 Two strands wrapped together

Backbone
 Sugar (Deoxyribose)
 Phosphate

Rungs  steps
 Nucleotide bases
 Adenine (A)
 Thymine (T)
 Guanine (G)
 Cytosine (C)

ATTACGGCGATC
TAATGCCGCTAG

Genetics - parts
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Smallest -- largest
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Nucleotide bases
Gene
DNA
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Cell
Tissue
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Replication

DNA copies it self
 Many processes!

Steps:
 Enzymes unzips DNA
 Enzymes bring in Nucleotide bases pairs (base pairing – A-T and C-G)
 Enzymes bring in sugar-phosphate backbone
 Start with 1 DNA  get 2 identical DNA
 Unless mutation
Transcription
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The information for making proteins is
found in the
but proteins
are made in the
.

Thymine is broken down in
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How is the information brought to the
?
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.
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DNA “transcribed” in to
M-RNA.
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DNA unzips

Strands transcribed with base
pairing (but instead of
Thymine,
is formed)
M-RNA leaves nucleus
and goes to Ribosome
DNA VS. RNA
DNA
RNA

Deoxyribose Nucleic acid

Ribose Nucleic acid

2 strands

1 strands
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Sugar: Deoxyribose
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Sugar: Ribose
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Bases: Adenine-Thymine, GuanineCytosine
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Bases: Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine
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Travels in Nucleus
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Travels through cell: Nucleus, Cytoplasm,
Ribosome
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Types: nuclear (found in nucleus),
mitochondrial (found in michondria)
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Types: M-RNA (messenger), T-RNA
(Transfer), R-RNA (ribosomal)
Translation
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M-RNA is “translated” into
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Steps:
M-RNA is made of a series of
 The
is transcribed into its

(3 nucleotide bases)
that is called T-RNA
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T-RNA takes the
info and makes/grabs/finds an
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The T-RNA takes this
and attaches it to a
occurs until the T-RNA comes to a
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Protein leaves the cell and gives us a
chain. This
Protein Synthesis
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Add a caption to your coloring
form yesterday, describing what is
happening.
Make sure to use these words:

DNA

Nucleus

M-RNA

Cytoplasm

Ribosome
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Codon
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Anti-Codon
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T-RNA
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Amino Acid
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Protein
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Trait
Protein Synthesis practice
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DNA sequence:
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 GACAAGTCCACAATC
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Please give the following:
 M-RNA
 T-RNA
sequence:
anticodons
 Amino
 Protein
Acids
Chain
M-RNA sequence:

CUGUUCAGGUGUUAG
T-RNA anticodons/Amino Acids
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GAC = Asparate
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AAG = Lysine
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UCC = Serine
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ACA = Threonine
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AUC = Isoleucine
…Aspertate – Lysine – Serine –
Threonine – Isoelucine…
MUTATIONS
1.
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Random
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Specific
Causes
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Inherited:

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General
Mendelian
Sex-linked
2.
Chromosomal:
partial or whole
 Nondisjunction
(less)
 Polyploidy
(more)
Gene: change in
NB
 Point (1 NB)
 Frame shift
(1+ NB)
Chromosomes
lined up
wrong…not pulled
equally

Deleted
Duplicated
Translocated/
inserted




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Insertion
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Deletion
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Substitution
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Duplication
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Meiosis
(gamete
form)
Mitosis
(body
cells)
DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Protein(s) not being
made properly (or not
made at all)
Are all Mutations bad?
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Mutations are either:
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Beneficial
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Individual – survives
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Population - adapts
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Variance/diversity  not diverse, species become….
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Neutral
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EXTINCT!
No affect on individual nor population
Harmful
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Negative affect on individual
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Does NOT affect population
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Learn Genetics!
Protein Synthesis Mutation
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M-RNA sequence:
 CCAUCUAGUUUUACU
Please give the following
 T-RNA anticodons:
 Protein Chain:
 DNA sequence:
Lets say during transcription
there was a deletion of the
2nd A within the M-RNA,
how would this effect the
protein chain? What type
of mutation is this?
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T-RNA: GGU AGA UCA AAA UGA
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Protein Chain: …-Glycine-Arginine-SerineLysine-Stop
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DNA: GGTAGATCAAAATGA
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Mutated Protein:
M-RNA: CCAUCUGUUUUACU
 T-RNA: GGU AGA CAA AAU GA_
 …-Glycine-Arginine-Glutamine-Asparagine-…
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