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Horowhenua College Name _________________ Teacher ___________ Anatomical Position Anatomical Directions Terms of Direction Bones The Joints Muscles Revision Application In order to explain the positioning of bones, organs, muscles and the like on the human body, anatomists have agreed on a standardised position for the human body in all cases. This is known as the anatomical position. THE ANATOMICAL POSITION There are four key features to note: 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ Write the closest number from the diagram to answer the following questions: 1) The lateral side of the ankle joint _____ 2) The anterior side of the elbow joint _____ 3) The most distal point of the radius _____ 4) The superior joint to the ulna _____ 5) The inferior bone to the hip joint ____ 6) The medial side of the tibia _____ 7) The proximal bone to the elbow joint ____ 8) Is the skeleton’s left or right hand in the correct anatomical position? ______ Term Definition On the front of the body or limb Posterior Superior Examples 1) The chest is on the anterior of the body 2) The face is on the anterior aspect of the head 1) The buttocks are on the posterior of the body 2) The calf muscles are on the posterior of the leg Above or on top of → towards the top of the body (head) 1) Inferior 2) 1) Nearer the midline of the body 2) 1) Lateral 2) Distal Proximal Thoracic vertebrae are inferior to the cervical vertebrae The lumbar vertebrae are inferior to the thoracic vertebrae The big toe is on the medial aspect of the foot The little finger in on the medial aspect of the hand Little toe is on the lateral aspect of the foot The thumb is on the lateral aspect of the hand Further away from the body – usually refers to limbs → towards the end of the limb 1) Elbow is proximal to the wrist joint 2) Shoulder joint is proximal to the elbow The skeleton is divided into two sections: 1. Axial skeleton – consists of the central core of the body (head, ribs, spine & sternum) 2. Appendicular skeleton – encompasses all of the bones in the limbs (arms/legs, hands/feet, pelvis, scapula & clavicle) Task: Colour/highlight in all the parts of the axial skeleton, leaving the appendicular skeleton blank. Bones: Cranium, scapula, pelvis, patella, tarsal, metatarsals, metacarpals, radius, ulna, mandible, clavicle, tibia, carpals, humerus, vertebrae, phalanges (x2), fibular, femur, sternum, ribs Fill in the gaps: Term Definition Flexion Bending or decreasing the angle between ___ joints __________ Inversion Eversion ____________ Plantarflexion Abduction Straightening or __________ the angle between two joints Movement of the _____ of the foot inward Movement of the sole of the foot _________ Movement of the top of the foot upward, closer to the shin Movement of the sole of the foot downward Moving a _____ or part of a limb away from the midline of the body Example 1) Trunk bending forwards 2) Shoulder – moving the arm forward 3) Arm – bending at the ______ 4) Wrist – bringing the palm towards the forearm 5) Hip – raising the ______ towards the trunk 6) Knee – bending at the knee 1) Trunk – straightening up 3) Arm – straightening the elbow 4) Wrist – straightening the wrist 5) Hip – moving the leg ________ 6) Knee – straightening the knee ‘A’ is Inversion ‘B’ is Eversion ‘B’ is Dorsiflexion ‘__’ is Plantarflexion Moving limbs outwards on a _____________ Adduction Circumduction Rotation ____________ Pronation Moving a limb or part of a limb towards the ________ of the body → ‘Add’ to the midline A __________ of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction Bringing limbs back together in a starjump The armstroke in butterfly Twisting of a limb about its long axis Turning the ______ Twisting the trunk Movement of the hand into a palm-up position. “ Make your hand a soup bowl” Movement of the hand into an _____-down position Turning a card over in cards Turning your hand to ask for something. Turning a card face down Turning your hand to cover writing on a page 1. Articular Cartilage (Purple): The end of each bone is covered with articular cartilage. This is a tough material that cushions and protects the ends of the bones. When it degenerates, arthritis develops. 2. Synovial Membrane or Synovial Sac (Light Blue): Around each joint is the synovial sac which protects the joint and also secretes the synovial fluid. Synovial fluid serves to protect the joint, lubricate the joint and provide nourishment to the articular cartilage. 3. Bursa (Dark Blue): A bursa is a small sac that is not part of the joint but is near the joint. It contains a fluid that lubricates the movement of muscles as the muscle moves across muscle or as the muscle moves across bone. In some ways it is similar to the synovial sac. 4. Muscle (Red): Muscles are elastic tissues that have the ability to change length. By becoming shorter and longer, muscles allow for motion at the joints. 5. Tendon (Red): Tendons are fibrous cords that attach muscles to the bones. Unlike muscles which change length (contract), the tendons are unable to change length. However, as the muscle moves, the tendon to which it is attached also moves. You can feel the tendons on the back of your hand or in the back of your knee. 6. Ligaments: (Green) Ligaments are much shorter fibrous cords that attach go from bone to bone. Typically, ligaments are located around the joints. They provide for the stability of a joint and hold the adjacent bones in the proper alignment. 7. Meniscal Cartilage (Not shown): Meniscal cartilage is a type of specialized tissue. It is not found in every joint in the body. It is a Cshaped piece of cartilage which is located between the major weight bearing bones of the knee. It has several functions including stability, lubrication, nutrition, and shock absorption. To get some idea of what cartilage is like, feel the middle of your nose or ears. These are also made of cartilage. Meniscal cartilage tissue is similar to the "gristle" that is found in at the joint of a chicken leg and a chicken wing. Anatomy of the Shoulder There are about 650 muscles in the human body. Muscles are made of fibers that enable them to shorten and lengthen, producing movements. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Your muscles make up about one half of your body's weight. Types of Muscles? There are three main types of muscles: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. 1. Skeletal (striated) muscles move your bones. These are the muscles that we can see and feel. Skeletal muscles attach to the bones through tendons. They come in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to move it back the other way. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles. Meaning that you think about contracting them and your nervous system tells them to do so. Skeletal muscles can perform two types of contractions: short single contractions (twitch) and long, sustained contraction (tetanus). 2. Smooth muscles are found in the internal organs (digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, airways and, the uterus). Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time. Smooth muscles move involuntary. You do not have to think about movement for movement to occur. 3. Cardiac muscle is found only in your heart. Cardiac muscle is also an involuntary muscle. It can stretch in a limited way, like smooth muscle, and contract with the force of a skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is a twitch muscle. Name the muscles from the following list: Abdominals Hamstrings Quadriceps Triceps Bicep Deltoid Tibialis anterior Gluteus maximus Gastrocnemius Pectoralis major Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Soleus Iliopsoas To better understand muscles, it is helpful to first understand some key facts about muscles and the nerves that control their movements. More than 600 muscles, along with the bones, make up the musculoskeletal system. o The bones provide the structure or support for the body, and the muscles provide the ability to move. o Muscles are connected to bones by tough cords of tissue called tendons. o Most muscles reach from one bone to another and usually cross a joint. o The muscles cause the bones to move in relationship to each other. Most muscles of the musculoskeletal system work in pairs—called agonists and antagonists. During a movement, the muscle responsible for moving the body part contracts or shortens; this muscle is called the agonist. The antagonist muscle acts against or in opposition to the agonist muscle, relaxing and stretching when the agonist contracts. The antagonist muscle is responsible for moving the body part back to its original position. A muscle acts as the agonist in one action and as an antagonist in the opposite action. For example, when bending the elbow and raising the hand toward the shoulder, the biceps muscle contracts and is the agonist; the triceps muscle stretches and is the antagonist. When the movement is reversed and the elbow is extended, the triceps muscle contracts (is the agonist) and the biceps muscle lengthens (is the antagonist). Score: Fill in the gaps: __/9 Score: __/21 Without looking back in your book, name as many bones as you can: Score: __/13 Without looking back in your book, name as many bones as you can: Score: __/8 1) Describe the anatomical 2) Explain which muscles and bones in your body movements from figure 1 to 3 for cause the movements from figure 1 to 3 for the: the: a) Right Elbow Joint a) Right Elbow Joint Right Knee Joint b) Right Knee Joint 1) Describe the anatomical 2) Explain which muscles and bones in your body movements from figure 5 to 6 for cause the movements from figure 5 to 6 for the: the: a) Right Elbow Joint a) Right Elbow Joint Right Knee Joint b) Right Knee Joint Score: __/8 Term Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Distal Proximal Definition Examples Score: Circle and label the following joints: Ball and socket x4 Hinge x4 Pivot __/9 Score: Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow. Figure 1.12 The Fosbury Flop 1. What movement is happening at the right knee in phases 1-2? 2. What type of joint is the knee? 3. Identify the agonist and the antagonist in this movement. 4. Is the knee superior or inferior to the ankle joint? Figure 1.13 Jump shot in handball 1. Identify the shoulder joint action throughout this movement. 2. What type of joint is the shoulder joint? 3. The shoulder is a multi-axial joint – what does this mean? 4. Which bones articulate at the shoulder joint? __/8 Score: __/4 1 What is happening in the hip joint during phases 4-7? 2. Which bones articulate at the hip joint? 3. What kind of joint is the hip? 4. Name the hinge joint that is inferior to the hip joint? Now add up the total of all your for a total score out of 70. My score = __/80 73-80 = Acing the test! 65-72 = Not too shabby at all 55-64 = Good effort but could do with some pre-test study Less than 55 = Start studying NOW if you want to pass the test!