Download Name Teacher ______ Anatomical Position Anatomical Directions

Horowhenua
College
Name _________________
Teacher ___________
 Anatomical Position
 Anatomical Directions
 Terms of Direction
 Bones
 The Joints
 Muscles
 Revision
 Application
In order to explain the positioning of bones, organs, muscles and the like
on the human body, anatomists have agreed on a standardised position
for the human body in all cases. This is known as the anatomical
position.
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
There are four key features to note:
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________
Write the closest number from the diagram to answer the following questions:
1) The lateral side of the ankle joint _____
2) The anterior side of the elbow joint _____
3) The most distal point of the radius _____
4) The superior joint to the ulna _____
5) The inferior bone to the hip joint ____
6) The medial side of the tibia _____
7) The proximal bone to the elbow joint ____
8) Is the skeleton’s left or right hand in the correct anatomical position?
______
Term
Definition
On the front of the body
or limb
Posterior
Superior
Examples
1) The chest is on the
anterior of the body
2) The face is on the
anterior aspect of the
head
1) The buttocks are on the
posterior of the body
2) The calf muscles are on
the posterior of the leg
Above or on top of
→ towards the top of
the body (head)
1)
Inferior
2)
1)
Nearer the midline of
the body
2)
1)
Lateral
2)
Distal
Proximal
Thoracic vertebrae are
inferior to the cervical
vertebrae
The lumbar vertebrae
are inferior to the
thoracic vertebrae
The big toe is on the
medial aspect of the foot
The little finger in on the
medial aspect of the
hand
Little toe is on the lateral
aspect of the foot
The thumb is on the
lateral aspect of the
hand
Further away from the
body – usually refers to
limbs
→ towards the end of
the limb
1) Elbow is proximal to the
wrist joint
2) Shoulder
joint
is
proximal to the elbow
The skeleton is divided into two sections:
1. Axial skeleton – consists of the central core of the body (head, ribs,
spine & sternum)
2. Appendicular skeleton – encompasses all of the bones in the limbs
(arms/legs, hands/feet, pelvis, scapula & clavicle)
Task: Colour/highlight in all the parts of the axial skeleton, leaving the
appendicular skeleton blank.
Bones: Cranium, scapula, pelvis, patella,
tarsal, metatarsals, metacarpals, radius,
ulna, mandible, clavicle, tibia, carpals,
humerus, vertebrae, phalanges (x2), fibular,
femur, sternum, ribs
Fill in the gaps:
Term
Definition
Flexion
Bending or decreasing
the angle between ___
joints
__________
Inversion
Eversion
____________
Plantarflexion
Abduction
Straightening or
__________ the angle
between two joints
Movement of the _____
of the foot inward
Movement of the sole
of the foot _________
Movement of the top of
the foot upward, closer
to the shin
Movement of the sole
of the foot downward
Moving a _____ or part
of a limb away from the
midline of the body
Example
1) Trunk bending forwards
2) Shoulder – moving the arm
forward
3) Arm – bending at the
______
4) Wrist – bringing the palm
towards the forearm
5) Hip – raising the ______
towards the trunk
6) Knee – bending at the knee
1) Trunk – straightening up
3) Arm – straightening the
elbow
4) Wrist – straightening the
wrist
5) Hip – moving the leg
________
6) Knee – straightening the
knee
‘A’ is Inversion
‘B’ is Eversion
‘B’ is Dorsiflexion
‘__’ is Plantarflexion
Moving limbs outwards on a
_____________
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
____________
Pronation
Moving a limb or part of
a limb towards the
________ of the body
→ ‘Add’ to the midline
A __________ of
flexion, extension,
abduction and
adduction
Bringing limbs back together in
a starjump
The armstroke in butterfly
Twisting of a limb about
its long axis
Turning the ______
Twisting the trunk
Movement of the hand
into a palm-up position.
“ Make your hand a
soup bowl”
Movement of the hand
into an _____-down
position
Turning a card over in cards
Turning your hand to ask for
something.
Turning a card face down
Turning your hand to cover
writing on a page
1. Articular Cartilage (Purple): The end of each bone is covered with
articular cartilage. This is a tough material that cushions and protects
the ends of the bones. When it degenerates, arthritis develops.
2. Synovial Membrane or Synovial Sac (Light Blue): Around each joint
is the synovial sac which protects the joint and also secretes the
synovial fluid. Synovial fluid serves to protect the joint, lubricate the
joint and provide nourishment to the articular cartilage.
3. Bursa (Dark Blue): A bursa is a small sac that is not part of the joint
but is near the joint. It contains a fluid that lubricates the movement of
muscles as the muscle moves across muscle or as the muscle moves
across bone. In some ways it is similar to the synovial sac.
4. Muscle (Red): Muscles are elastic tissues that have the ability to
change length. By becoming shorter and longer, muscles allow for
motion at the joints.
5. Tendon (Red): Tendons are fibrous cords that attach muscles to the
bones. Unlike muscles which change length (contract), the tendons are
unable to change length. However, as the muscle moves, the tendon to
which it is attached also moves. You can feel the tendons on the back
of your hand or in the back of your knee.
6. Ligaments: (Green) Ligaments are much shorter fibrous cords that
attach go from bone to bone. Typically, ligaments are located around
the joints. They provide for the stability of a joint and hold the adjacent
bones in the proper alignment.
7. Meniscal Cartilage (Not shown): Meniscal cartilage is a type of
specialized tissue. It is not found in every joint in the body. It is a Cshaped piece of cartilage which is located between the major weight
bearing bones of the knee. It has several functions including stability,
lubrication, nutrition, and shock absorption. To get some idea of what
cartilage is like, feel the middle of your nose or ears. These are also
made of cartilage. Meniscal cartilage tissue is similar to the "gristle"
that is found in at the joint of a chicken leg and a chicken wing.
Anatomy of the Shoulder
There are about 650 muscles in the human body.
Muscles are made of fibers that enable them to shorten and lengthen,
producing movements. Tendons connect muscles to bones.
Your muscles make up about one half of your body's weight.
Types of Muscles?
There are three main types of muscles: skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
1. Skeletal (striated) muscles move your bones. These are the muscles
that we can see and feel. Skeletal muscles attach to the bones through
tendons. They come in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one
direction and another to move it back the other way. Skeletal muscles
are voluntary muscles. Meaning that you think about contracting them
and your nervous system tells them to do so. Skeletal muscles can
perform two types of contractions: short single contractions (twitch) and
long, sustained contraction (tetanus).
2. Smooth muscles are found in the internal organs (digestive system,
blood vessels, bladder, airways and, the uterus). Smooth muscle has
the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time.
Smooth muscles move involuntary. You do not have to think about
movement for movement to occur.
3. Cardiac muscle is found only in your heart. Cardiac muscle is also an
involuntary muscle. It can stretch in a limited way, like smooth muscle,
and contract with the force of a skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is a
twitch muscle.
Name the muscles from the following list:







Abdominals
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
Triceps
Bicep
Deltoid
Tibialis anterior







Gluteus maximus
Gastrocnemius
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Soleus
Iliopsoas
To better understand muscles, it is helpful to first understand some key facts
about muscles and the nerves that control their movements.

More than 600 muscles, along with the bones, make up the
musculoskeletal system.
o The bones provide the structure or support for the body, and the
muscles provide the ability to move.
o Muscles are connected to bones by tough cords of tissue called
tendons.
o Most muscles reach from one bone to another and usually cross
a joint.
o The muscles cause the bones to move in relationship to each
other.

Most muscles of the musculoskeletal system work in pairs—called
agonists and antagonists. During a movement, the muscle responsible
for moving the body part contracts or shortens; this muscle is called the
agonist. The antagonist muscle acts against or in opposition to the
agonist muscle, relaxing and stretching when the agonist contracts.
The antagonist muscle is responsible for moving the body part back to
its original position.

A muscle acts as the agonist in one action and as an antagonist in the
opposite action. For example, when bending the elbow and raising the
hand toward the shoulder, the biceps muscle contracts and is the
agonist; the triceps muscle stretches and is the antagonist. When the
movement is reversed and the elbow is extended, the triceps muscle
contracts (is the agonist) and the biceps muscle lengthens (is the
antagonist).
Score:
Fill in the gaps:
__/9
Score:
__/21
Without looking back in your book, name as many bones as you can:
Score:
__/13
Without looking back in your book, name as many bones as you can:
Score:
__/8
1) Describe the anatomical 2) Explain which muscles and bones in your body
movements from figure 1 to 3 for cause the movements from figure 1 to 3 for the:
the:
a) Right Elbow Joint
a) Right Elbow Joint
Right Knee Joint
b) Right Knee Joint
1) Describe the anatomical 2) Explain which muscles and bones in your body
movements from figure 5 to 6 for cause the movements from figure 5 to 6 for the:
the:
a) Right Elbow Joint
a) Right Elbow Joint
Right Knee Joint
b) Right Knee Joint
Score:
__/8
Term
Anterior
Posterior
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Distal
Proximal
Definition
Examples
Score:
Circle and label the following joints:
 Ball and socket x4
 Hinge x4
 Pivot
__/9
Score:
Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow.
Figure 1.12 The Fosbury Flop
1. What movement is happening at the right knee in phases 1-2?
2. What type of joint is the knee?
3. Identify the agonist and the antagonist in this movement.
4. Is the knee superior or inferior to the ankle joint?
Figure 1.13 Jump shot in handball
1. Identify the shoulder joint action throughout this movement.
2. What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
3. The shoulder is a multi-axial joint – what does this mean?
4. Which bones articulate at the shoulder joint?
__/8
Score:
__/4
1 What is happening in the hip joint during phases 4-7?
2. Which bones articulate at the hip joint?
3. What kind of joint is the hip?
4. Name the hinge joint that is inferior to the hip joint?
Now add up the total of all your for a total
score out of 70.
My score = __/80
73-80 = Acing the test!
65-72 = Not too shabby at all
55-64 = Good effort but could do with some pre-test study
Less than 55 = Start studying NOW if you want to pass the test!