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Second Semester Vocab Review gene Segment on the DNA strand that codes for certain traits in an organism cephalization Animals that have a brain or brain-like organ near the head of their body placental Mammal that carries it’s young inside the body until fully developed homologous structure Anatomical structures that share a common ancestry DNA The genetic material of most living things; found in the nucleus of living cells posterior The tail or rear end of an animal species A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring antibiotic Medicine used to treat a bacterial infection recessive A trait that is not common or seen very often in a group of organisms autotroph An organism that can make its own food by photosynthesis bilateral symmetry A condition in which two equal halves of a body mirror each other genotype The genetic makeup of an organism using letters; BB, Bb, or bb mantle A layer of tissue that covers the body of many invertebrates cutaneous respiration The ability of amphibians to breathe through their skin hermaphrodite An organism that has both sets of sex organs virus A nonliving, infectious particle that can invade and destroy a cell protozoa A single-celled protist that can be aquatic or parasitic; examples include amoebas and paramecia nucleotide DNA subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base acoelomate An organism that does not have a body cavity or organs metamorphosis A rapid change in an organism from egg to adult cloaca An opening in vertebrates where waste and sex cells exit endothermic An organism that can produce its own body heat and regulate it body temperature exoskeleton Hard outer protective covering of some invertebrates (arthropods and crustaceans) heterozygous Describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait dorsal The top or back side of an organism monotreme An organism that lays eggs budding Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism pathogen A virus or bacteria that causes disease evolution Change over time taxonomy The scientific study of describing, naming, and classifying organisms DNA fingerprinting The pattern of bands that results when an individual's DNA sample is fragmented, replicated, and separated double helix The unique, twisted structure of DNA radial symmetry A body plan in which the parts of an animal’s body are organized in a circle around a central point tympanic membrane A flap of skin on the head of amphibians that is used for hearing vaccine A killed or weakened virus given to humans to prevent sickness caused by harmful pathogens euglena Protist that photosynthesizes and has a long flagella foot An appendage that some invertebrates use to move purines A nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; either adenine or guanine heredity The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring punctuated equilibrium Evolution that is described by short periods of drastic change in species, which are separated by long periods of little or no change countercurrent flow In fish, an arrangement where water flows away from the head and blood flows toward the head dominant Traits that are seen often in a species marsupial A mammal that carries and nourishes its young in a pouch complementary A characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand is paired to the sequence of bases on the other homozygous Describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait segmentation The division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts paramecium Heterotrophic protist that uses cilia to move phenotype The physical appearance of an organism gradualism Evolution in which slow change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity terrestrial An organism that lives most of its life on land replication The duplication of a DNA molecule endoskeleton Hard internal support structure of many organisms pyrimidines A nitrogenous base that has a singlering structure; thymine or cytosine fossil The remains of an organism that lived long ago lateral line A faint line that runs the length of the fish’s body and marks the location of sense organs that detect vibrations in water algae Eukaryotic organisms that convert the sun’s energy into food through photosynthesis adaptation A change that improves an organism’s ability to survive mammary gland A mammalian structure located in the chest of a female that secretes milk pseudopodia Cytoplasmic extensions that function in food ingestion and movement in certain amoebas binomial nomenclature The universal two word naming system used to identify living things anterior Front or head portion of an organism heterotroph Organism that eats other food for energy prokaryote A simple, single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus cilia Tiny hair extensions found on the surface of some protists; used for locomotion natural selection The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do operculum A flap found on either side of a fish’s head that covers and protects the gills jet propulsion The ability of squid and octopus to move in the water by forcing water out of their siphon eukaryote A complex organism that has cells with nuclei and various organelles pseudocoelomate An organism that has a false body cavity ventral The bottom or belly side of an organism ectothermic A cold-blooded animal that is dependent on the environment for heat; cannot regulate it’s own body temperature amoeba Type of protist that uses jelly-like extensions of its cytoplasm to move and eat food gestation period In mammals, the length of time between fertilization and birth molting Some organisms shed their outer exoskeleton for growth and development flagella Long whip-like tail used by some protists for locomotion asymmetry An organism that is irregular in shape; without symmetry swim bladder In bony fishes, a gas-filled sac that is used to control buoyancy abdomen The last or most posterior segment on an animal sessile Organisms that are permanently attached to the ocean floor setae Tiny hairs or bristles found on the underside of a segmented worm; used for traction and movement coelomate An organism with a true body cavity containing many organs cephalothorax Organisms that have a fused 1st and 2nd body region gills Respiratory structures of fish that remove oxygen from the water