* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Fatty Acids: The lipid building blocks: The common building block for
Survey
Document related concepts
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Peptide synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
There are three different functions for lipids in our bodies: Energy storage Forming the membranes around our cells. Hormones and vitamins Fatty Acids: The lipid building blocks: The common building block for most of the different types of lipids is the fatty acid. Fatty acids are composed of a chain of methylene groups with a Carboxyl functional group at one end. Saturated and unsaturated FAs form different types of lipids. The methyl chain is the fatty part, the Carboxyl, the acid. The fatty acid chains are usually between 10 and 20 Carbon atoms long. The fatty "tail" is non-polar (Hydrophobic) while the Carboxyl "head" is a little polar (Hydrophillic). Fatty acids can be saturated (meaning they have as many hydrogens bonded to their carbons as possible) or unsaturated (with one or more double bonds connecting their carbons, hence fewer hydrogens). A fat is a solid at room temperature, while an oil is a liquid under the same conditions. The fatty acids in oils are mostly unsaturated, while those in fats are mostly saturated. Proteins The biological macromolecules are all polymers. Carbohydrates are sugar polymers. We built lipids from fatty acids, phosphate groups, and glycerol. Now we come to proteins, which are also polymeric. The subunits which make-up Proteins are Amino Acids. The amino acids are joined together by dehydration synthesis to form chains, which are hundreds of amino acids long; called proteins. Proteins function as enzymes or as structural units in cells. They do most of the "work" in a cell. Almost all of the exciting stuff; metabolism, memory, hormone action, and movement involves proteins. Amino acids are aptly named. See which functional groups you recognize as part of this amino acid. You will also notice there is an R as part of this molecule. There is no element with the abbreviation, R. This letter is used as a sort of chemical variable, like X in math. At this position (the R-group) in an amino acid, different functional groups can be present. There are twenty different types of amino acids found in proteins. Each has a different R-group. There are twenty different types of amino acids found in proteins: The eight essential amino acids are shown in bold. Essential amino acids must be acquired in the diet; nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body. Complete dietary proteins contain both the essential and nonessential amino acids. Incomplete proteins are missing one or more amino acids. Proteins are digested and degraded by enzymes in the stomach and further digestion occurs in the small intestine. This process takes the proteins you consume and coverts them into the component amino acids by breaking the covalent bonds which connect the subunits of the proteins. alanine arginine asparagine aspartic acid cysteine glutamic acid glutamine glycine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenyalanine proline serine The 20 types of amino acids differ only at the R position. threonine tryptophan tyrosine valine DNA is composed of two chains of nucleotides twisted around each other to form a double helix. Each of the nucleotides that compose DNA consist of three components (sort of like functional groups). These components are: A Phosphate Group, A Deoxyribose Sugar, and a Nitrogen containing Base. The structure of the bases is all that differentiates one nucleotide from another. Each of the four Nucleotides contains a different base, A,T,C ,or G. Right,a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds. Left, an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines. A carbohydrate is an organic compound that is composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1 carbon atom, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom. Some carbohydrates are relatively small molecules, the most important to us is glucose which has 6 carbon atoms. These simple sugars are called monosaccharides. Hooking two monosaccharides together forms a more complex sugar, such as the union of glucose and fructose to give sucrose, or common table sugar. Compounds such as sucrose are called Disaccharides (two sugars). Both monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water. Sugars are most often found in the form of a "RING". The glucose molecule in the image above and the one in the image below (Glc) are really the same molecule, just arranged differently. The image on the left shows two monosaccharides, Glucose and Galactose (Gal). Examine their structure and you will notice there is very little difference. Their molecular formulas, C6H1206, are even the same. Molecules with the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures are called Isomers. Larger, more complex carbohydrates are formed by linking shorter units together to form long or very long sugar chains called Polysaccharides. Because of their size, these are often times not soluble in water. Many biologically important compounds such as starches and cellulose are Polysaccharides. Starches are used by plants, and glycogen by animals, to store energy in their numerous carbon-hydrogen bonds, while cellulose is an important compound that adds strength and stiffness to a plant's cell wall.