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Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things.
They usually contain C-H or C-C bonds.
The organic compounds we study can be used in metabolic reactions.
Vitalism – a paradigm shift in biology
• Vitalism was the belief that living organisms
and non-living organisms have different
properties
• Called the “vitalistic element”, this was
believed to distinguish living from non-living
matter
• This theory was disproved by a chemist –
Friedrich Woehler.
• He synthesized artificial urea by mixing
cyanic acid and ammonium.
• This discovery was the first time an organic
substance was made from inorganic
material
Carbohydrates!
Glucose
This is the basic mono-saccharide (single-unit) hexose (6-carbon) sugar
molecule that is used in respiration. It is a chemical store of energy.
General formula: C6H12O6
This is a diagram of betaD-Glucose
We count the carbons in clockwise
direction, starting with the first carbon
after the oxygen atom in the ring.
Ribose
This is the basic mono-saccharide (single-unit) pentose (5-carbon) sugar
molecule. It is found in RNA and a similar version in DNA.
General formula: C5H10O5
We count the carbons in clockwise
direction, starting with the first carbon
after the oxygen atom in the ring.
What happens if you connect many monomers together, what do that look like?
Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide produced in mammal mothers.
It consists of glucose and galactose and is easily digested by the lactase
enzyme in the young animal’s digestive system.
By producing a small disaccharide that
can be broken down by lactase, the
mother can provide her young with a
source of energy that can be quickly
digested after feeding and then readily
used in respiration.
Breastfeeding logo from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breastfeeding-icon-med.svg
Glycogen
is an insoluble storage molecule in the
liver. When blood glucose is high, the
pancreas releases insulin, telling the
liver to capture blood glucose and
combine molecules of glucose to
make the polysaccharide glycogen,
through condensation reactions.
This stores energy for later.
When blood glucose drops,
the hormone glucagon causes
the glycogen to be broken down
(hydrolysis reactions) to glucose and
then released back into the blood.
Liver from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leber_Schaf.jpg
blood glucose
too high
blood glucose
too low
Lipids!
Fatty Acids & Glycerol
Fatty acid chains can be of many lengths, extended by adding CH2 units. They are an efficient
store of energy and bond with glycerol (a simple sugar alcohol) to make triglycerides – lipids.
How does it all come together?
The different types of Fatty Acids
Evaluate the following claim:
“Trans-fats and saturated fats are worse for
the human body than unsaturated fats”
Produce the following white-board:
• Detriments of saturated fats
• Detriments of trans-fats
• Drawing of the impact of each type of fats
in arteries
• Evaluation of the evidence for these claims
Notice the difference
between saturated,
monounsaturated, and
polyunsaturated fatty acids
What are some uses of lipids in living things?
Lipids are useful storage mechanisms because they are insoluble in water.
If the human body stored glucose, which is soluble in water, what would
happen to the cells as they stockpiled more and more glucose?
Calculating your BMI
Formula One – for the civilized world
Formula two – for ‘murica (and Estonia)
BMI = weight
(kg)/[height (m) x
height (m)]
BMI = weight (lb)/
[height (in) x height (in)]
x 703
Example 1 – Person who is
1.70m tall and weighs 58
kg.
Example 2 – Person who is
5’10” and weighs 235 lb.
BMI = 58/(1.7x1.7)
BMI = 20.1
BMI = 235/(70x70) x 703
BMI = 33.7
But what does that mean for you?
Take the time to calculate your
own BMI using the formula.
Use this as guidance for how
you structure your diet.
Carbohydrates vs Lipids for energy storage
amino acid (glycine)
glucose
glycerol
ribose
Proteins!
A generalized amino acid
The basic structure of the amino acids is common. There are 22 different protein-making
amino acids, though only 20 are coded for in genetic code. Each has its own unique R-group.
Some are polar, others non-polar and their different properties determine their interactions
and the shape of the final protein.
Amino Group (-NH2)
The amino group is one of the
reasons why nitrogen is an
important element in living things.
Carboxylic Acid Group (-COOH)
The carboxylic acid group contains an
oxygen double-bonded to the carbon
and a hydroxyl group (-OH) that can be
lost to form new bonds.
Methionine: an amino acid
Methionine is an important amino acid as it is coded
by the START codon in mRNA (AUG). This means that
is is the first amino acid in all polypeptide chains as it
is the first produced in transcription in the ribosomes.
Sulphur forms strong bonds (disulphide bridges)
with other S-containing amino acids.
Although methionine (Met) has quite a large R-group,
we can still identify the amino group and carboxylic
acid group on the amino acid.
The simplest amino acid is glycine,
with H in the R-group position.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine
Animation: http://is.gd/PeptideBond
Animation: http://is.gd/PeptideBond
Protein Structure
• Proteins have four main levels to
their structure:
• Primary protein structure: the
sequence of amino acids within
the protein; this sequence
determines the threedimensional shape
• Secondary protein structure:
repetitive shapes of either a
helix (a spiral staircase shape) or
a pleated sheet, such as in
spider silk
• Tertiary structure: a shape often
described as globular, such as in
enzymes
• Quaternary: two or more
polypeptides combined
together to make a single
functional protein, such as in
hemoglobin
Protein
Function
Rubisco
Enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of
the carbon fixing reactions of
photosynthesis
Insulin
Hormone produced by the pancreas that
results in a decrease of blood sugar levels
Immunoglobulin Antibody that recognizes an antigen as a
part of the immune response
Rhodopsin
Pigment found in the retina of the eye that
is particularly useful in low light conditions
Collagen
Main protein component of connective
tissue, which is abundant in skin, tendons,
and ligaments
Spider silk
Fibrous protein spun by spiders for making
webs, drop lines, nest building and other
uses
Denaturation can occur to
proteins when they are
exposed to high temperatures
or extreme pH.
Denaturation causes a
protein to lose its shape, and
therefore lose its properties.
High temperature causes
bonds to break from extra
energy
High pH causes hydrogen
bonds to break, causing loss
of structure
this one
(glycine)
Condensation reactions make bonds.
Hydrolysis bonds break these bonds.
Watch these three animations and make a
generalisation about the processes:
-
function, roles of enzymes, roles of water
http://is.gd/PeptideBond
http://is.gd/MaltoseGIF
http://is.gd/TriglycerideGIF