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Today’s Agenda April 8, 2016 1. Evolution Notes Part III • 5 principles of evolution Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution Today’s Agenda April 11, 2016 1. Evolution Notes Part II • 5 principles of evolution Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution Evolution Notes: Part 2 First Theory of Evolution • First developed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck & was known as the ‘Theory of Acquired Characteristics’ • Principles of Lamarck’s Theory: – a. “offspring are born with traits from their parents that the parent developed during their lifetime” • Ex: Elephants used to have short trunks but water and food became difficult for them to reach. They stretched their trunks to reach the water and food better. Their offspring were then born with longer trunks. – b. Evolution is a predetermined plan. The results have already been decided. First Theory of Evolution • Lamarck’s theory is not accepted. It was replaced by Darwin’s theory. • Does Lamarck’s theory make sense? What’s wrong with his theory? • was correct in that offspring are born with traits from their parents • was incorrect in that those traits that are developed over time can be passed on to their offspring • Lamarck did not understand heredity (genes) Today’s Accepted Theory of Evolution • Developed by Charles Darwin • It is called the ‘Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection’ • There are 5 main points to this theory Darwin first developed his theory by studying organisms in South America & the Galapagos Islands. He published his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection Five (5) Principles Principle #1 #1: Organisms produce more offspring than can survive - This is to increase the chance that some will survive to pass on genes, which is the goal of all living things. • Example 1: Frogs What could happen to some of these offspring? • Example 2: Peppered Moths What could have happened to these moths? Principle #2 #2: Variations are found among individuals of a species What is a Variation? • A variation is a difference between members of the same species. – For example, fur color in squirrels & body color in moths. Black Variation White Speckled Variation Principle #3 #3: Variations are passed down to offspring These baby squirrels inherited their grey color from their parents Generation 1 has both black and white speckled moths surviving Both Generations 2 & 3 have black and white speckled moths because both variations were passed down from Generation 1. Principle #4 #4: Some variations allow members of a population to survive and reproduce better than others. *These are called adaptations - Helpful Variations!* Which variation is the adaptation? Why? Grey Eastern Grey Squirrel Albino Easter Grey Squirrel Black Eastern Grey Squirrel Before Industrial Revolution, the white speckled variation was the helpful trait (camouflage). During Industrial Revolution, the black variation was the helpful trait (camouflage). Principle #5 #5: Over time, offspring of individuals with helpful variations make up more and more of a population Points of Natural Selection… 1. The environment does not cause INDIVIDUALS to change. 1. The environment causes an entire SPECIES to change by changing the circumstances by which the variations survive. This changes the population of one of the variations! Points of Natural Selection… 3. In other words, a whole SPECIES ADAPT and INDIVIDUALS either SURVIVE or DIE. 3. If all the INDIVIDUALS DIE, the SPECIES goes EXTINCT (could not adapt). Today’s Agenda April 11, 2016 1. Natural Selection in Action • • • Galapagos Peppered Moth Rock Pocket Mouse Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution The Elephant Man- Proteus Syndrome Joseph Merrick • Less than 1 in a million people • A few hundred reported cases • A genetic RANDOM mutation NOT inherited • Cells are UNABLE to regulate their growth • Abnormal growth of fatty tissue, bones & skin Natural Selection in Action • Galapagos Island Finches: Peppered Moths • Rock Pocket Mouse: Today’s Agenda April 12, 2016 1. Natural Selection in Action • • • Galapagos Peppered Moth Rock Pocket Mouse Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution Homework Questions 1. Why can’t a horse and a donkey be in the same species? They can NOT produce fertile offspring. 1. Why Lamarck’s ‘Theory of Acquired Characteristics’ is wrong? Traits are NOT developed during adulthood. 1. Why do organisms produce more offspring than can survive? To INCREASE the odds that some will SURVIVE to pass on their genes Homework Questions 4a. Write the definition for variation. A DIFFERECE between members of the SAME species 4b. Give at least 2 examples of variations in a population of humans. Hair color, eye color, skin color Homework Questions 5a. Write a definition for ‘adaptation’. A variation that allows members of a population to survive and reproduce better than others 5b. State an example of an adaptation that a squirrel has. Explain why it is an adaptation. Color of fur helps to blend in with surroundings (camouflage) Homework Questions 6. Explain why albinism is NOT an adaptation. It’s NOT adventageous 7. Below are 3 individuals of the species Eastern Grey Squirrel. Which is the least likely to survive in any environment? Why? Grey Eastern Grey Squirrel Albino Easter Grey Squirrel Black Eastern Grey Squirrel 1. Why do organisms produce more offspring than can survive? Organisms produce more offspring than can survive to INCREASE the chances that an offspring will survive and pass on the parent’s genes. 2. Define variation: Variation is a difference in members of the same species. • Give an example of variations in a population of snakes. Examples of variations are colors and patterns of a snake’s skin. 3. Define adaptation: An adaptation is a HELPFUL variation. A. Give an example of an adaptation that a snake has. Explain why it is an adaptation. An example of an adaptation that a snake has is a flexible jaws, rattling, and hissing 4. There are three individual species of Eastern Grey Squirrel – Grey Eastern Grey Squirrel, Albino Eastern Grey Squirrel and Black Eastern Grey Squirrel. a. What is the variation of these squirrels? Color is the variation of these squirrels. b. If these three types of squirrels lived in the woods in Milford, which would have the adaptation and why? The gray squirrel because it can camouflage. c. Which squirrel is the least likely to survive in Milford and why? The white squirrel because it canNOT camouflage. Natural Selection: a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms that are best adapted to the environment. There are three types of polar bears: one with thick coats, one with thin coats and one with medium coats. It is fall, soon to be winter. The temperatures are dropping rapidly and the bears must be kept warm, or they will freeze to death. Many of the bears have had 2 cubs each but due to the extreme temperatures, many mothers only have one cub left. 1. Which polar bear will NOT benefit from natural selection? The one with thin fur. 2. Identify the type of variation in the polar bear population. A type of variation in the polar bear is fur thickness. 3. Who is the most fit for her environment? The most fit for the environment is the polar bear with thick fur. 3. Predict how the gene pool will change over with thewith polarthick bears? Thetime polar bears fur will most likely be the ones to survive and pass on their genes. 1 2 3 5. Describe what is happening in figures 1 – 3. (What is happening to the mice and the hawk?) The hawk is hunting the black mice because the hawk can see them better. The white mice camouflage with the white background. 1 2 3 6. Is the population (amount) of mice different in figure 3 than in figure 1? Explain your answer. The population of white and black mice is the same in figure 1. There are 4 of each variation. In figure 3 the population of black mice decreased and the population of white mice has stayed the same. 7. Living things that are well adapted to their environment survive and reproduce. Those that are not well adapted don’t survive and reproduce. An adaptation is any characteristic that gives the living thing the ability to survive and reproduce. What characteristic of the mice is an adaptation that increased (made better) their chance of surviving and reproducing? The mice that have white coloring have the adaptation to survive in the white background. They are the ones that are able to pass on their genes to their offspring. 8. An inherited characteristic that helps an animal or plant have more offspring will tend to become more common in a population as a result of evolution by natural selection. Explain why a characteristic which helps an animal to live longer will generally tend to become more common in the population as a result of evolution by natural selection. (Why are there more white furred mice than black furred mice?) The animal or plant that is best adapted to survive will be the one to pass on their genes to their offspring. They are the ones that are alive to pass on their genes.