Download (a) (b)

Fig. 8.26
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Cerebrum
Third neuron
in pathway
Thalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Second neuron
in pathway
Medulla oblongata
Receptor
First neuron
in pathway
Dorsal column
Spinal
cord
Fig. 8.27
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lower limb
Trunk
Primary somatic
sensory cortex
Upper
limb
Somatic sensory
association area
Primary motor
cortex
Premotor
area
Prefrontal
area
Central sulcus
Head
Sensory speech area
(Wernicke area)
Motor speech area
(Broca area)
Visual cortex
Visual
association area
Primary
auditory cortex
Taste area
(beneath surface
in insula)
Auditory
association area
Lateral view
Fig. 9.1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
SENSES
Receptors distributed over
a large part of the body
Receptors localized within
specific organs
General senses
Located in skin, muscles, joints
Special senses
Located in internal organs
Somatic
Visceral
Smell
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Balance
Taste
Temperature
Hearing
Sight
Proprioception
Pain
Pressure
Fig. 9.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hair
Free nerve endings
(respond to painful
stimuli, temperature,
itch or movement)
Merkel disks
(detect light touch and
superficial pressure)
Epidermis
Meissner corpuscles
(involved in fine, discriminative touch)
Dermis
Hair follicle receptor
(detects light touch)
Ruffini end organ
(detects continuous touch or pressure)
Pacinian corpuscle
(detects deep pressure, vibration,
and position)
Fig. 8.18
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
To brain
From brain
Sensory
neuron
3
2
Quadriceps
femoris
muscle
(extensor)
Sensory
receptor
4
Motor
neuron
1
Patellar
tendon
Hammer
tap
Patellar
ligament
Flexor
muscles
Neuromuscular
junction
Knee-jerk
reflex
1 Sensory receptors in the muscle detect stretch of the muscle.
2 Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.
3 Sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons. Descending
neurons (black) within the spinal cord also synapse with the
neurons of the stretch reflex and modulate their activity.
4 Stimulation of the motor neurons causes the muscle to contract
and resist being stretched.
Fig. 9.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hair
Free nerve endings
(respond to painful
stimuli, temperature,
itch or movement)
Merkel disks
(detect light touch and
superficial pressure)
Epidermis
Meissner corpuscles
(involved in fine, discriminative touch)
Dermis
Hair follicle receptor
(detects light touch)
Ruffini end organ
(detects continuous touch or pressure)
Pacinian corpuscle
(detects deep pressure, vibration,
and position)
Fig. 9.3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lungs and
diaphragm
Liver and
gallbladder
Heart
Esophagus
Liver and
gallbladder
Stomach
Kidney
Colon
Appendix
Urinary
bladder
Ureter
Fig. 9.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Olfactorybulb
Frontal bone
Olfactory tract
Fibers of
olfactory nerve
Cribriform plate of
ethmoid bone
Nasal cavity
Palate
Nasopharynx
(a)
Interneurons
Olfactory
tract
Olfactory
bulb
Foramen
Cribriform
plate
Connective
tissue
Olfactory
epithelium
Mucous layer
on epithelial
surface
(b)
Olfactory
nerve
Axon
Olfactory
neuron
Dendrite
Cilia
Fig. 8.37
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anterior
Olfactory bulb (olfactory
nerves [I] enter bulb)
Optic nerve (II)
Olfactory tract
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Optic chiasm
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Pituitary gland
Abducens nerve (VI)
Mammillary body
Facial nerve (VII)
Pons
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Medulla
oblongata
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Posterior
Inferior view
Fig. 8.27
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lower limb
Trunk
Primary somatic
sensory cortex
Upper
limb
Somatic sensory
association area
Primary motor
cortex
Premotor
area
Prefrontal
area
Central sulcus
Head
Sensory speech area
(Wernicke area)
Motor speech area
(Broca area)
Visual cortex
Visual
association area
Primary
auditory cortex
Taste area
(beneath surface
in insula)
Auditory
association area
Lateral view
Fig. 9.5
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Root of
tongue
Epiglottis
Palatine tonsil
Papillae
(a)
Epithelium
Papilla
Taste
bud
(b)
Supporting
cell
Taste
cell
Taste
hair
(c)
Nerve fiber
of sensory
neuron
Taste pore
Epithelium
Fig. 8.37
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anterior
Olfactory bulb (olfactory
nerves [I] enter bulb)
Optic nerve (II)
Olfactory tract
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Optic chiasm
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Pituitary gland
Abducens nerve (VI)
Mammillary body
Facial nerve (VII)
Pons
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Medulla
oblongata
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Posterior
Inferior view
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 9.6
Taste area of cortex
Thalamus
Nucleus of
tractus
solitarius
V
Chorda tympani
VII
IX
X
Foramen magnum
Facial nerve (VII)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
(lingual branch)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 9.17
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Auricle
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Temporal
bone
Tympanic
membrane
External
auditory
canal
Chorda
tympani
Semicircular
canals
Oval
window
Vestibulocochlear
nerve
Cochlear nerve
Vestibule
Cochlea
Round window
Auditory tube
Malleus Incus Stapes
Auditory ossicles
in the middle ear
Frontal Section
Fig. 9.21
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Otoliths
Gelatinous mass
(d)
Microvilli
Utricular
macula
Saccular
macula
Nerve fibers
of vestibular
nerve
Vestibule
Utricle
Saccule
(a)
Part of
macula
Hair cell
Supporting cells
(b)
©Susumu Nishinag/Science Source
(c)
Fig. 9.22
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Endolymph in
utricle
Gelatinous mass
Hair cell
Supporting cell
Force of gravity
Macula
Vestibular nerve fibers
(a)
(b)
(all): ©Trent Stephens
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 9.17
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Auricle
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Temporal
bone
Tympanic
membrane
External
auditory
canal
Chorda
tympani
Semicircular
canals
Oval
window
Vestibulocochlear
nerve
Cochlear nerve
Vestibule
Cochlea
Round window
Auditory tube
Malleus Incus Stapes
Auditory ossicles
in the middle ear
Frontal Section
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 9.23
Semicircular
canals
Ampullae
Vestibular
nerve
Cupula
(a)
Microvilli
Cupula
Crista
ampullaris
(b)
Hair
cell
Nerve
fibers
to vestibular
(c) nerve
Fig. 9.24
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Endolymph causes
movement of cupula.
Cupula
Endolymph in
semicircular canal
Hair cell
Crista ampullaris
Movement of semicircular
canal with body movement
(b)
(a)
©Julie Jacobson/AP Images
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 9.17
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Auricle
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Temporal
bone
Tympanic
membrane
External
auditory
canal
Chorda
tympani
Semicircular
canals
Oval
window
Vestibulocochlear
nerve
Cochlear nerve
Vestibule
Cochlea
Round window
Auditory tube
Malleus Incus Stapes
Auditory ossicles
in the middle ear
Frontal Section
Fig. 9.18
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Periosteum of
bone (inner lining
of bony labyrinth)
Semicircular
canals
Cochlear
Scalavestibuli (filled
with perilymph)
Membranous
labyrinth
Copyright ©nerve
McGraw-Hill Education.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
Vestibular membrane
Tectorial membrane
Cochlear duct (filled
with endolymph)
Vestibule
Oval window
Spiral ligament
Cochlea
Basilar membrane
Round window
Scalatympani (filled
with perilymph)
Spiral lamina
Apex
Cochlearganglion
(a)
(b)
Cochlear duct
Vestibular membrane
Tectorial membrane
Microvilli
Basilar
membrane
Cochlear nerve
Supporting
cells
Hair cell
Spiral lamina
Hair cell
Nerve endings of
cochlear nerve
(c)
(d)
Courtesy of A. J. Hudspeth
(e)
Spiral
organ
Spiral
ligament
Fig. 9.19
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Oval window
Stapes
Incus
Cochlear nerve
Malleus
Scala vestibuli
Tympanic
membrane
Scala tympani
3
Cochlear duct
(contains endolymph)
2
External
auditory
canal
Space between
bony labyrinth
and membranous
labyrinth (contains
perilymph)
4
1
5
Basilar
membrane
7
Round
window
Auditory tube
1 Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate.
2 Vibration of the tympanic membrane causes the malleus, the incus, and
the stapes to vibrate.
3 The base of the stapes vibrates in the oval window.
4 Vibration of the base of the stapes causes the perilymph in the scala
Vestibular
membrane
6
Membranous
labyrinth
Tectorial
membrane
Spiral organ
6 Vibration of the endolymph causes displacement of the basilar membrane.
Short waves (high pitch) cause displacement of the basilar
membrane near the oval window, and longer waves (low pitch) cause
displacement of the basilar membrane some distance from the oval
window. Movement of the basilar membrane is detected in the hair cells
of the spiral organ, which are attached to the basilar membrane.
Vibrations of the perilymph in the scala vestibuli and of the basilar
membrane are transferred to the perilymph of the scala tympani.
vestibuli to vibrate.
7 Vibrations in the perilymph of the scala tympani are transferred to the
5 Vibration of the perilymph causes the vestibular membrane to vibrate,
which causes vibrations in the endolymph.
round window, where they are dampened.
Fig. 9.20
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
Sensory axons from the cochlear
ganglion terminate in the cochlear
nucleus in the brainstem.
2
Axons from the neurons in the
cochlear nucleus project to other
brainstem nuclei or to the inferior
colliculus.
3
Axons from the inferior colliculus
project to the thalamus.
4
Thalamic neurons project to the
auditory cortex.
Thalamus
4
Auditory
cortex
Auditory
cortex
3
2
Cochlear
ganglion
2
Inferior colliculus
Vestibulocochlear
nerve
Other brainstem
nucleus
1
Cochlear
nucleus
Nerve to
stapedius
Frontal section
Fig. 9.7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Upper
eyelid
Eyebrow
Eyebrow
Pupil
Iris
Lateral
angle
of eye
Lower
eyelid
Medial
angle
of eye
(a)
Muscle to
upper eyelid
Superior rectus
muscle
Conjunctiva over eye
Conjunctiva of eyelid
Sebaceous gland
Upper
eyelid
Connective tissue plate
Lacrimal
gland
Cornea
Eyelash
Lacrimal
canaliculi
Lacrimal
ducts
Lacrimal
sac
Skin
Loose connective tissue
Nasolacrimal
duct
(c)
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Inferior rectus
muscle
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Inferior oblique
muscle
Conjunctiva of eyelid
(b)
©McGraw-Hill Education/Eric Wise
Connective tissue plate
Lower
eyelid
Fig. 9.9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Vitreous chamber
(filled with
vitreous humor)
Vitreous
humor
Optic nerve
Sclera
Cornea
Fibrous tunic
Suspensory ligaments
Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Both filled
with aqueous
humor
Pupil
Lens
Retina
(nervous tunic)
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid
Vascular tunic
Fig. 9.14
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Medial
Lateral
Optic
disc
Macula
Retinal
vessels
Fovea centralis
(a)
(b)
©Steve Allen/Getty Images RF
Fig. 9.15
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Near vision
Distant vision
Ciliary muscles in the
ciliary body are relaxed.
Ciliary muscles in the
ciliary body contract, moving
ciliary body toward lens.
Tension in suspensory
ligaments is high.
Tension in suspensory
ligaments is low.
A
FP
FP
A
Lens flattened
Lens thickened
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9.10
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ciliary muscles
of the ciliary body
Lens
Suspensory
ligaments
Fig. 9.11
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Circular
smooth
muscles
(a)
Radial
smooth
muscles
(b)
Fig. 9.8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
View
Superior
Muscleto
uppereyelid
(cut)
Superior
rectus
Superior
oblique
Optic nerve
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior oblique
Inferior
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 9.12
Choroid
Pigment
cell
Pigmented
retina
Photoreceptor
layer
Cone cell
Direction
of action
potential
propagation
Rod cell
Horizontal
cell
Sensory
retina
Bipolar
cell
Interneurons
Direction
of light
Ganglion
cell
Nerve fibers
to optic nerve
(a)
Optic nerve
Disc
Outer membrane
Disc
Outer
segment
Folding of outer
membrane to
form discs
Rod
Cone
Disc
Inner
segment
(e)
(b)
Nuclei
Outside
of disc
membrane
Disc
membrane
Axons
Synaptic
ending
Rod
Inside
of disc
membrane
(c)
(d)
Cone
(f)
©Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source
Opsin
Retinal
Rhodopsin
Fig. 9.13
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
Opsin
Retinal
Rhodopsin
Light
1 Rhodopsin is composed of
opsin and retinal.
2
6
2 Light causes retinal to
change shape, which
DIGESTIVE
activates rhodopsin.
3
Tissue damage to intestinal lining
and liver as a result of decreased
blood flow; bacteria of intestines
may cause systemic infection;
liver releases
blood-clotting
Activated
rhodopsin
factors in response to injury.
stimulates cell changes that
result in vision.
URINARY
4 Following rhodopsin
Urine
production
decreases
in
activation, retinal detaches
response to low blood
from opsin.
volume; tissue damage to
3
Retinal
kidneys due to low blood flow.
5 Energy from ATP is required to
bring retinal back to its original
form.
Cell changes
that result
in vision
5
Energy (ATP)
6 Retinal recombines with opsin
to form rhodopsin (return to
step 1).
4
Retinal
Fig. 9A
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a)
(b)
(all): ©Prisma Bildagentur AG/Alamy
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 9.16
Nasal parts of
visual fields
1
1 Each visual field is divided into temporal
Temporal
Temporal
part of left
part of right
and nasal Copyright
halves.
© McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
visual field
visual field
2 After passing through the lens, light from
each half of a visual field projects to the
Lens
opposite side of the retina stimulating
2
Left eye
receptors.
3 Axons from the retina pass through the
optic nerve to the optic chiasma, where
some cross. Axons from the nasal retina
cross, and those from the temporal retina
do not.
Temporal
retina (lateral
part)
Nasal retina
(medial part)
3
Optic nerves
4
Superior
colliculi
Optic chiasm
4 Optic tracts extend from the optic chiasm
(with or without crossing) to the thalamus.
Collateral branches of the axons in the
optic tract synapse in the superior colliculi
of the midbrain.
Optic tracts
Thalamus
5 Optic radiations extend from the thalamus
to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
Optic
radiations
6 The right part of each visual field (dark
green and light blue) projects to the left
side of the brain, and the left part of
each visual field (light green and dark
blue) projects to the right side of the
brain.
Visual
cortex
in each
hemisphere
5
6
Occipital lobe
(a)
Optic nerve
Left monocular
vision
Binocular
vision
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Thalamus
Optic radiation
Visual cortex
(b)
(c)
©McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Right monocular
vision