Vitreous: From Biochemistry to Clinical Relevance
... appears after birth and then becomes the major vitreous GAG. It has been proposed that hyalocytes synthesize HA, but other plausible candidates are the ciliary body and retinal Müller cells. Whereas the synthesis of HA seems to continue at a constant rate in the adult without extracellular degradat ...
... appears after birth and then becomes the major vitreous GAG. It has been proposed that hyalocytes synthesize HA, but other plausible candidates are the ciliary body and retinal Müller cells. Whereas the synthesis of HA seems to continue at a constant rate in the adult without extracellular degradat ...
In vivo confocal microscopy of the human cornea
... with confocal microscopy but comparisons of the in vivo (confocal microscopy) and ex vivo (light microscopy) aspects suggest that only the nucleus, or at best, the nucleus and a small portion of the cell body are visualised.17 Neither the keratocyte processes nor the stromal collagen fibres are visi ...
... with confocal microscopy but comparisons of the in vivo (confocal microscopy) and ex vivo (light microscopy) aspects suggest that only the nucleus, or at best, the nucleus and a small portion of the cell body are visualised.17 Neither the keratocyte processes nor the stromal collagen fibres are visi ...
nucleus ............. nucleus
... a t the midline where it disappears. The deep layer runs dorsomedially from the sulcus limitans to the midline and, at the midline, turns dorsally so that, with its fellow of the opposite side, it separates the vagal lobes (fig. 14 a). a. T h e w d e u s of the inferior commissure of Huller (fig. 14 ...
... a t the midline where it disappears. The deep layer runs dorsomedially from the sulcus limitans to the midline and, at the midline, turns dorsally so that, with its fellow of the opposite side, it separates the vagal lobes (fig. 14 a). a. T h e w d e u s of the inferior commissure of Huller (fig. 14 ...
Chapter IX - Neurology, Section 4
... THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is the most complicated and highly organized of the various systems which make up the human body. It is the mechanism concerned with the correlation and integration of various bodily processes and the reactions and adjustments of the organism to its environment. In addition the ce ...
... THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is the most complicated and highly organized of the various systems which make up the human body. It is the mechanism concerned with the correlation and integration of various bodily processes and the reactions and adjustments of the organism to its environment. In addition the ce ...
Optic nerve head drusen
... usual risk factors seen associated with AION.8,18,20,23,37,58,60–62 Other types of vascular occlusions occur with optic nerve drusen. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) has been reported in children and adults.23,66,67 The pathophysiology in these cases is evidently not just drusen alone. There ...
... usual risk factors seen associated with AION.8,18,20,23,37,58,60–62 Other types of vascular occlusions occur with optic nerve drusen. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) has been reported in children and adults.23,66,67 The pathophysiology in these cases is evidently not just drusen alone. There ...
form 4s. “dear caregiver” letter (spanish)
... policyholders are generally not required to implement risk management recommendations. Rather, physicians use their professional judgment in determining the applicability of a given recommendation to their particular patients and practice situation. Some of the risk management recommendations about ...
... policyholders are generally not required to implement risk management recommendations. Rather, physicians use their professional judgment in determining the applicability of a given recommendation to their particular patients and practice situation. Some of the risk management recommendations about ...
The nervous system
... The posterior district lies behind the postero-lateral sulcus and the roots of the accessory, vagus, and the glossopharyngeal nerves, and, like the lateral district, is divisible into a lower and an upper portion. The lower part is limited behind by the posterior median fissure, and consists of the ...
... The posterior district lies behind the postero-lateral sulcus and the roots of the accessory, vagus, and the glossopharyngeal nerves, and, like the lateral district, is divisible into a lower and an upper portion. The lower part is limited behind by the posterior median fissure, and consists of the ...
Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical
... to the discovery of the foveal pit in live humans (Nussbaum et al., 1981). Later studies showed that this region is responsible for the sharp central vision required for daily activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. The central region of the human macula is free of rod receptors ...
... to the discovery of the foveal pit in live humans (Nussbaum et al., 1981). Later studies showed that this region is responsible for the sharp central vision required for daily activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. The central region of the human macula is free of rod receptors ...
form 3s. “dear caregiver” letter (spanish)
... policyholders are generally not required to implement risk management recommendations. Rather, physicians use their professional judgment in determining the applicability of a given recommendation to their particular patients and practice situation. Some of the risk management recommendations about ...
... policyholders are generally not required to implement risk management recommendations. Rather, physicians use their professional judgment in determining the applicability of a given recommendation to their particular patients and practice situation. Some of the risk management recommendations about ...
1 - E-Prints Complutense
... adaptive processes in the visual system due to the inherent oriented nature of the blur that it produces. ...
... adaptive processes in the visual system due to the inherent oriented nature of the blur that it produces. ...
Gustavo Adolfo Montenegro Martínez
... discriminate fine details, this is, the minimum distance needed between two objects so the eye can identify them as two different objects. This resolution is limited by the cones disposition over the fovea and corresponds to light deflections over the retina in small visual angles, typically in the ...
... discriminate fine details, this is, the minimum distance needed between two objects so the eye can identify them as two different objects. This resolution is limited by the cones disposition over the fovea and corresponds to light deflections over the retina in small visual angles, typically in the ...
Corneal Crosslinking with Riboflavin and
... development of keratoconus (prevention or a decrease in the severity of the keratoconus).28,29 3) Photo-oxidative CXL (UV, ionizing radiation). 2. Photo-Oxidative CXL with Riboflavin and UVA Light The photo-oxidative CXL method with riboflavin and UVA light was chosen for stiffening of the cornea beca ...
... development of keratoconus (prevention or a decrease in the severity of the keratoconus).28,29 3) Photo-oxidative CXL (UV, ionizing radiation). 2. Photo-Oxidative CXL with Riboflavin and UVA Light The photo-oxidative CXL method with riboflavin and UVA light was chosen for stiffening of the cornea beca ...
On the structure, distribution, and function of the nerves which
... nerves pass into a second line of ganglia, viz. the semilunar, inf. mesenteric &c., which are prevertebral in position, are connected together into a more or less distinct chain, and may be called the chain of prevertebral or collateral ganglia; the nerves which pass from the lateral to the collater ...
... nerves pass into a second line of ganglia, viz. the semilunar, inf. mesenteric &c., which are prevertebral in position, are connected together into a more or less distinct chain, and may be called the chain of prevertebral or collateral ganglia; the nerves which pass from the lateral to the collater ...
Retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin and melanin and
... sites per eye were selected for RPE measurements on all eyes: the two equators, the fovea, and the two parafoveal sites. The latter are located at half the distance from fovea to disc, on either side of the fovea. The parafoveal and equatorial measurements were averaged. Three sites were selected fo ...
... sites per eye were selected for RPE measurements on all eyes: the two equators, the fovea, and the two parafoveal sites. The latter are located at half the distance from fovea to disc, on either side of the fovea. The parafoveal and equatorial measurements were averaged. Three sites were selected fo ...
Structure of the Optic Nerve
... secondly, in ophthalmoscopic descriptions of optic nerve head lesions, where it is not possible to be definite as to how much of the nerve head is involved. The optic nerve head is about 1 mm long and about 1.5 mm (1.18–1.75 mm [3, 4]) in diameter, the vertical diameter being slightly greater than t ...
... secondly, in ophthalmoscopic descriptions of optic nerve head lesions, where it is not possible to be definite as to how much of the nerve head is involved. The optic nerve head is about 1 mm long and about 1.5 mm (1.18–1.75 mm [3, 4]) in diameter, the vertical diameter being slightly greater than t ...
FREE Sample Here
... sensitive to it, or perhaps stop noticing it altogether. d. signal adaptation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 63 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 3.3 Understand how sensory stimuli come to be experienced as sensations. 26) After working for several hours at a computer terminal and using the ...
... sensitive to it, or perhaps stop noticing it altogether. d. signal adaptation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 63 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 3.3 Understand how sensory stimuli come to be experienced as sensations. 26) After working for several hours at a computer terminal and using the ...
The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Contributions to the Cardiac
... SUMMARY: The cardiac plexus is formed by sympathetic nerves originating from the superior, middle, inferior cervical or cervicothoracic ganglia as well as from the first to the fifth thoracic ganglia. Furthermore, the vagus nerve and its counterpart, the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply the cardiac ...
... SUMMARY: The cardiac plexus is formed by sympathetic nerves originating from the superior, middle, inferior cervical or cervicothoracic ganglia as well as from the first to the fifth thoracic ganglia. Furthermore, the vagus nerve and its counterpart, the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply the cardiac ...
1) The process through which the senses detect sensory stimuli and
... sensitive to it, or perhaps stop noticing it altogether. d. signal adaptation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 63 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 3.3 Understand how sensory stimuli come to be experienced as sensations. 26) After working for several hours at a computer terminal and using the ...
... sensitive to it, or perhaps stop noticing it altogether. d. signal adaptation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 63 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 3.3 Understand how sensory stimuli come to be experienced as sensations. 26) After working for several hours at a computer terminal and using the ...
Heidelberg Retina Tomograph und Papille
... (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph), were independently evaluated by four experienced glaucoma specialists, and the interobserver variability was calculated. A second separate review by the same observers included the use of clinical stereoscopic color optic nerve head photographs to aid definition of the ...
... (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph), were independently evaluated by four experienced glaucoma specialists, and the interobserver variability was calculated. A second separate review by the same observers included the use of clinical stereoscopic color optic nerve head photographs to aid definition of the ...
The Role of Lutein in Eye-Related Disease
... Several in vivo and in vitro studies have investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of lutein and zeaxanthin as well as the effects xanthophyll supplementation has on prevention of cellular damage due to photochemical and oxidative stress. Snodderly demonstrated that supplementation of cynomolgus ...
... Several in vivo and in vitro studies have investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of lutein and zeaxanthin as well as the effects xanthophyll supplementation has on prevention of cellular damage due to photochemical and oxidative stress. Snodderly demonstrated that supplementation of cynomolgus ...
Plantar reflex or Babinski reflex
... body (for instance, preparing the opposite leg to support the entire body weight when the other foot has stepped on a tack). At the same time as these two synapses, the sensory neuron also sends signals up the spinal cord to get motor neurons to contract muscles that shift the center of gravity of t ...
... body (for instance, preparing the opposite leg to support the entire body weight when the other foot has stepped on a tack). At the same time as these two synapses, the sensory neuron also sends signals up the spinal cord to get motor neurons to contract muscles that shift the center of gravity of t ...
ARVO 2013 Annual Meeting Abstracts by Scientific Section/Group
... quantitative analysis with the public image processing program, ImageJ. Transplanted retinoblastoma cells were isolated to perform further analyses including Western blotting for glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron-specific enolase, reverse transcriptase for cellular retinaldehyde-binding pro ...
... quantitative analysis with the public image processing program, ImageJ. Transplanted retinoblastoma cells were isolated to perform further analyses including Western blotting for glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron-specific enolase, reverse transcriptase for cellular retinaldehyde-binding pro ...
abnormalities of the optic nerve and retina
... defects commonly are present b ut can be either dif fuse or discrete scotomas and are nonspecifi c. Funduscop y reveals mild disc swelling in approximately one third of affected eyes, which is considerably less prominent than the disc swelling associated with papilledema (Balcer, 2006; Beck, 1998). T ...
... defects commonly are present b ut can be either dif fuse or discrete scotomas and are nonspecifi c. Funduscop y reveals mild disc swelling in approximately one third of affected eyes, which is considerably less prominent than the disc swelling associated with papilledema (Balcer, 2006; Beck, 1998). T ...
Lacrimal Gland Pathologies from an Anatomical Perspective
... layers of cuboidal cells. The other cellular units of lacrimal gland are lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells and macrophages (18, 19). The most common space occupying lesions of lacrimal gland are cysts (dacryops) which are derived from cystic dilatation of ductal epithelial cells and dermoid cysy ...
... layers of cuboidal cells. The other cellular units of lacrimal gland are lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells and macrophages (18, 19). The most common space occupying lesions of lacrimal gland are cysts (dacryops) which are derived from cystic dilatation of ductal epithelial cells and dermoid cysy ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.