Extraocular dorsal signal affects the developmental fate of the optic
... Dorsal–ventral (DV) specification in the early optic vesicle plays a crucial role in the proper development of the eye. To address the questions of how DV specification is determined and how it affects fate determination of the optic vesicle, isolated optic vesicles were cultured either in vitro or ...
... Dorsal–ventral (DV) specification in the early optic vesicle plays a crucial role in the proper development of the eye. To address the questions of how DV specification is determined and how it affects fate determination of the optic vesicle, isolated optic vesicles were cultured either in vitro or ...
Visual Acuity Is Correlated with the Area of the Foveal Avascular
... angiography (OCTA; Avanti, Optovue RTVue XR) data from a single visit were analyzed. FAZ area, point thickness of central fovea, central 1-mm subfield thickness, the occurrence of intraretinal cysts, ellipsoid zone disruption, and disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) length were measured. V ...
... angiography (OCTA; Avanti, Optovue RTVue XR) data from a single visit were analyzed. FAZ area, point thickness of central fovea, central 1-mm subfield thickness, the occurrence of intraretinal cysts, ellipsoid zone disruption, and disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) length were measured. V ...
Nonproliferative retinopathy in diabetes type 2. Initial
... Another important characteristic of the retinal circulation is its capacity to autoregulate and compensate variations in blood pressure, ocular tension, etc., maintaining a relatively uniform blood flow. Changes in retinal blood flow have, indeed, been reported in both human and experimental diabetes ...
... Another important characteristic of the retinal circulation is its capacity to autoregulate and compensate variations in blood pressure, ocular tension, etc., maintaining a relatively uniform blood flow. Changes in retinal blood flow have, indeed, been reported in both human and experimental diabetes ...
Neuro Atlas
... This selection of the art of Dr. Frank H. Netter on neuroanatomy and neurophysiology is drawn from the Atlas of Human Anatomy and Netter’s Atlas of Human Physiology. Viewing these pictures again prompts reflection on Dr. Netter’s work and his roles as physician and artist. Frank H. Netter was born i ...
... This selection of the art of Dr. Frank H. Netter on neuroanatomy and neurophysiology is drawn from the Atlas of Human Anatomy and Netter’s Atlas of Human Physiology. Viewing these pictures again prompts reflection on Dr. Netter’s work and his roles as physician and artist. Frank H. Netter was born i ...
Fundus autofluorescence in exudative age
... imaging of CNV with those of ocular fundus vascular angiography in 65 patients with AMD and found that the abnormal FAF areas in patients with early CNV were larger. Our results are almost the same as those of Dandekar: in patients with advanced CNV, the decreased FAF area, which only emerged in the ...
... imaging of CNV with those of ocular fundus vascular angiography in 65 patients with AMD and found that the abnormal FAF areas in patients with early CNV were larger. Our results are almost the same as those of Dandekar: in patients with advanced CNV, the decreased FAF area, which only emerged in the ...
the projection of the midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
... Medical Sciences, 1954) a detailed review of the literature will not be given here. Suffice it to say that whereas each of the principal thalamic nuclei is related to a localized cortical area, stimulation studies have shown that the midline and intralaminar nuclei are capable of exerting widespread ...
... Medical Sciences, 1954) a detailed review of the literature will not be given here. Suffice it to say that whereas each of the principal thalamic nuclei is related to a localized cortical area, stimulation studies have shown that the midline and intralaminar nuclei are capable of exerting widespread ...
general introduction
... differentiation. The distribution of corneal-type keratins was studied by using electrophoretic and immunological analyses with two monoclonal antibodies, specific for K3 (AE5) (Schermer et al., 1986), and for K12 (AK12) (Chaloin-Dufau et al., 1990). Furthermore, Chaloin-Dufau et al. (1993) showed t ...
... differentiation. The distribution of corneal-type keratins was studied by using electrophoretic and immunological analyses with two monoclonal antibodies, specific for K3 (AE5) (Schermer et al., 1986), and for K12 (AK12) (Chaloin-Dufau et al., 1990). Furthermore, Chaloin-Dufau et al. (1993) showed t ...
Development of the Ethmoid Sinus and Extramural Migration: The
... sinuses into anterior, middle, and posterior groups. As early as 1901, Turner (1901) divided the ethmoid sinuses into two groups, anterior and posterior groups, based on development and their position of their ostia. Douglas (1906) believed that division of the ethmoid sinus into an anterior and pos ...
... sinuses into anterior, middle, and posterior groups. As early as 1901, Turner (1901) divided the ethmoid sinuses into two groups, anterior and posterior groups, based on development and their position of their ostia. Douglas (1906) believed that division of the ethmoid sinus into an anterior and pos ...
Neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons in the guinea
... fibers were found to have the same distribution as noradrenergic fibers except that there were fewer at the iris dilator, in the cornea, and in the chamber angle. In the anterior uvea, the NPY immunoreactive fibers disappeared after excision of the homolateral superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, ...
... fibers were found to have the same distribution as noradrenergic fibers except that there were fewer at the iris dilator, in the cornea, and in the chamber angle. In the anterior uvea, the NPY immunoreactive fibers disappeared after excision of the homolateral superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, ...
Eye muscle nerves and the ciliary ganglion of Malpolon
... After a long distance anteriorly, this nerve extends ventrally within the cranial cavity passing dorsolateral to the ramus ophthalmicus profunds of the nervus trigeminus and ventrolateral to the root of the nervus oculomotorius (Fig. 2). More forwards, the nervus trochlearis penetrates the dura mate ...
... After a long distance anteriorly, this nerve extends ventrally within the cranial cavity passing dorsolateral to the ramus ophthalmicus profunds of the nervus trigeminus and ventrolateral to the root of the nervus oculomotorius (Fig. 2). More forwards, the nervus trochlearis penetrates the dura mate ...
Corneal Injuries and Wound Healing – Review of Processes and
... The surface exposed apical aspect of the squamous cells express glycocalyx that interacts with tear film mucin to maintain the cornea’s wettability. This supports an even distribution of tear film across the surface of the cornea. Cells of this layer are terminally differentiated and will desquamate ...
... The surface exposed apical aspect of the squamous cells express glycocalyx that interacts with tear film mucin to maintain the cornea’s wettability. This supports an even distribution of tear film across the surface of the cornea. Cells of this layer are terminally differentiated and will desquamate ...
Eye and Adnexa - The Coding Store
... are responsible for color perception and visual acuity. They function best in bright light and are less sensitive to the light than rod cells. They also allow for the perception of color in finer detail and for faster changes in images than rod cells. The macula, a smaller, central area located in ...
... are responsible for color perception and visual acuity. They function best in bright light and are less sensitive to the light than rod cells. They also allow for the perception of color in finer detail and for faster changes in images than rod cells. The macula, a smaller, central area located in ...
Ovid_ Duane`s Ophthalmology
... 700 µm as it reaches the limbus. 1,2,3,4 The central 4 mm of the cornea overlying the pupil contains the optical center of central vision. It typically has a regular surface and structure, and commonly is near exact in spherical configuration. The more peripheral portions of the cornea are often sli ...
... 700 µm as it reaches the limbus. 1,2,3,4 The central 4 mm of the cornea overlying the pupil contains the optical center of central vision. It typically has a regular surface and structure, and commonly is near exact in spherical configuration. The more peripheral portions of the cornea are often sli ...
Visual Psychophysics / Physiological Optics
... intraocular accommodative lens placement during 2012. Measurements in millimeters of the lens-corneal endothelium distance (LCED) , irido-corneal angle (ICA) and trabecular ciliary body distance (TCBD) were taken using UBM study, all of them with superior and nasal orientation. Then we apply one dro ...
... intraocular accommodative lens placement during 2012. Measurements in millimeters of the lens-corneal endothelium distance (LCED) , irido-corneal angle (ICA) and trabecular ciliary body distance (TCBD) were taken using UBM study, all of them with superior and nasal orientation. Then we apply one dro ...
Scleral buckling biomaterials and implants for retinal detachment
... [10]. The implant, which can be placed either episclerally or intrasclerally, creates a buckling effect (indentation) which apposes the neural retina to the underlying RPE. Retinal breaks can be treated by a cryoprobe or laser to achieve local scar formation in order to seal the hole and to maintai ...
... [10]. The implant, which can be placed either episclerally or intrasclerally, creates a buckling effect (indentation) which apposes the neural retina to the underlying RPE. Retinal breaks can be treated by a cryoprobe or laser to achieve local scar formation in order to seal the hole and to maintai ...
Folio Bound VIEWS - Gray`s Anatomy
... embryologists recognized a close association between the process of gastrulation and the formation of the middle embryonic layer. However, Balfour (1888 ) and others frequently made a distinction between the two processes, because in some embryos other methods of forming the middle layer were envisa ...
... embryologists recognized a close association between the process of gastrulation and the formation of the middle embryonic layer. However, Balfour (1888 ) and others frequently made a distinction between the two processes, because in some embryos other methods of forming the middle layer were envisa ...
(OCT).
... independent feeding and flying. Total or partial impairments of visual acuity will have a major influence on their ability to orient themselves in the space, to respond to external stimuli or to a change of the environment, especially while hunting. Even a slight deficit of vision and visual acuity ...
... independent feeding and flying. Total or partial impairments of visual acuity will have a major influence on their ability to orient themselves in the space, to respond to external stimuli or to a change of the environment, especially while hunting. Even a slight deficit of vision and visual acuity ...
The Appearance of Hyper-Reflective Superficial Epithelial Cells
... data that was used in this thesis. I would also say a warm thank you to all the people at the Centre for Contact Lens Research. I feel very fortunate in having to get to know all of you and not to forget to having been able to learn from your experience. You all have made my stay here in Waterloo en ...
... data that was used in this thesis. I would also say a warm thank you to all the people at the Centre for Contact Lens Research. I feel very fortunate in having to get to know all of you and not to forget to having been able to learn from your experience. You all have made my stay here in Waterloo en ...
Vitreous Hemorrhage Focal Points
... the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate patient consent in compliance with applicable law. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, fro m ...
... the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate patient consent in compliance with applicable law. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, fro m ...
Peripheral Development of Cranial Nerves in a Cyclostome
... possession of two metamerisms, branchiomerism and somitomerism. The evolutionary origin of this body plan is still enigmatic because these two repetitions are not clearly separated in the nervous system of the amphioxus (e.g., Bone, 1959). To obtain insight into the primitive patterns of head metame ...
... possession of two metamerisms, branchiomerism and somitomerism. The evolutionary origin of this body plan is still enigmatic because these two repetitions are not clearly separated in the nervous system of the amphioxus (e.g., Bone, 1959). To obtain insight into the primitive patterns of head metame ...
FOR SIGHT Annual Report 1
... of new blood vessels, a process elemental to developing and sustaining life and health. But there’s a dark side as well: some cancers exploit angiogenesis to feed tumors and spread disease. The phenomenon is not limited to just cancer. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of b ...
... of new blood vessels, a process elemental to developing and sustaining life and health. But there’s a dark side as well: some cancers exploit angiogenesis to feed tumors and spread disease. The phenomenon is not limited to just cancer. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of b ...
Cranial Nerves - Blackwell Publishing
... of the ethmoid bone to terminate in the olfactory bulb where they synapse with second order relay neurons and interneurons (see Chapter 19). ...
... of the ethmoid bone to terminate in the olfactory bulb where they synapse with second order relay neurons and interneurons (see Chapter 19). ...
Effects of nerve growth factor on nerve regeneration after corneal
... after LASIK surgery. NGF is a kind of secretory protein which plays an important role of regulation function on nerve development, differentiation, survival, functional expression and signal transduction [17]. NGF is one of the members of neurotrophic factor (neurotrophin, NTFS) family, which can pr ...
... after LASIK surgery. NGF is a kind of secretory protein which plays an important role of regulation function on nerve development, differentiation, survival, functional expression and signal transduction [17]. NGF is one of the members of neurotrophic factor (neurotrophin, NTFS) family, which can pr ...
Retinal fixation point location in the foveal avascular zone.
... To illustrate, assume that, as in recent clinical trials,6"9 retinal lesions up to 200 ^m from the FAZ center are treated with burns which overlap the lesion by up to 100+ jum. Furthermore, grant that our data form a representative sample of the population for the location of the retinal point of fi ...
... To illustrate, assume that, as in recent clinical trials,6"9 retinal lesions up to 200 ^m from the FAZ center are treated with burns which overlap the lesion by up to 100+ jum. Furthermore, grant that our data form a representative sample of the population for the location of the retinal point of fi ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.