The Swimming Setae of Daphnia carinata By W. E. AGAR
... segment T it divides into three branches which run into the bases of the terminal setae. A little lower down, about the middle of T, ganglion cells are inserted on its course, usually arranged in an upper group of three, and a lower one of two, cells. In the dorsal ramus only, a twig from the main n ...
... segment T it divides into three branches which run into the bases of the terminal setae. A little lower down, about the middle of T, ganglion cells are inserted on its course, usually arranged in an upper group of three, and a lower one of two, cells. In the dorsal ramus only, a twig from the main n ...
The Pax-6 homeobox gene is expressed throughout the
... there is evidence that the vertebrate Pax-6 gene binds of the control eye, which normally would not have and activates its own promoter.21 Pax-6 is known to been used in the glaucoma experiments, was placed regulate directly the transcription of lens crystallin immediately into ice-cold MEMFA fixati ...
... there is evidence that the vertebrate Pax-6 gene binds of the control eye, which normally would not have and activates its own promoter.21 Pax-6 is known to been used in the glaucoma experiments, was placed regulate directly the transcription of lens crystallin immediately into ice-cold MEMFA fixati ...
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR RETINAL IMAGING
... almost all other types of glaucoma are painless and are not accompanied by a sudden vision loss. Since the brain disregards blind spots and the disease progresses very slowly, glaucoma is difficult to detect by the patients themselves. The current gold standard for glaucoma detection is the visual f ...
... almost all other types of glaucoma are painless and are not accompanied by a sudden vision loss. Since the brain disregards blind spots and the disease progresses very slowly, glaucoma is difficult to detect by the patients themselves. The current gold standard for glaucoma detection is the visual f ...
Transcripts/1_23 8
... e. Question: clarification on # 2 inter chain- sympathetic chain paravertebral ganglion are located in the sympathetic trunk or sympathetic chain. f. Question- clarification on grey rami- is it only in the vertebral section in t1-l2? Answer: Every spinal nerve receives sympathetic fibers and that’s ...
... e. Question: clarification on # 2 inter chain- sympathetic chain paravertebral ganglion are located in the sympathetic trunk or sympathetic chain. f. Question- clarification on grey rami- is it only in the vertebral section in t1-l2? Answer: Every spinal nerve receives sympathetic fibers and that’s ...
“Decision Making in Glaucoma: When to pull the trigger” COPE
... This regression analysis (Moorfields regression analysis) also compensates for age and identifies glaucomatous eyes with a relatively high level of sensitivity and specificity ...
... This regression analysis (Moorfields regression analysis) also compensates for age and identifies glaucomatous eyes with a relatively high level of sensitivity and specificity ...
Adrenergic Nerves to the Eye and to Related
... In the human material, it was not possible to verify all details in each eye because only parts without signs of pathological changes were used. Unless otherwise stated, the following descriptions refer to both species, human and monkey, although they are founded mainly on studies on monkeys. Only m ...
... In the human material, it was not possible to verify all details in each eye because only parts without signs of pathological changes were used. Unless otherwise stated, the following descriptions refer to both species, human and monkey, although they are founded mainly on studies on monkeys. Only m ...
CONSTELLATION® Vision System
... vitreoretinal surgery? Efficiency is often mistaken to be a term that is interchangeable with speed. Although speed is a component of efficiency, it is in fact only a minor component. The dictionary defines efficiency as the safe production of the desired effects or results with minimum waste of tim ...
... vitreoretinal surgery? Efficiency is often mistaken to be a term that is interchangeable with speed. Although speed is a component of efficiency, it is in fact only a minor component. The dictionary defines efficiency as the safe production of the desired effects or results with minimum waste of tim ...
Involvement of the pineal gland in rats with experimental
... recipients of Con-A-stimulated spleen cells (unpublished data). Thus, it may be suggested that humoral immunity, whenever developed, plays merely an accessory role in the pathogenesis of the pathologic ocular or pineal changes. The cells infiltrating the effected pineal glands were found to be lymph ...
... recipients of Con-A-stimulated spleen cells (unpublished data). Thus, it may be suggested that humoral immunity, whenever developed, plays merely an accessory role in the pathogenesis of the pathologic ocular or pineal changes. The cells infiltrating the effected pineal glands were found to be lymph ...
DEVELOPMENT OF THE OCULAR LENS
... Greeks. Some followers of Hippocrates performed detailed studies of chick development and discovered that the eyes were visible early in embryogenesis. This finding contradicted the belief, later expressed by Pliny the Elder (23–79 ad), that human eyes were the last of all human organs to develop in ...
... Greeks. Some followers of Hippocrates performed detailed studies of chick development and discovered that the eyes were visible early in embryogenesis. This finding contradicted the belief, later expressed by Pliny the Elder (23–79 ad), that human eyes were the last of all human organs to develop in ...
Impact of Repeated Topical-Loaded Manganese
... evaluation of axonal transport in optic nerves, which may provide new insights to RGC damage involved in glaucoma or other visual diseases.8,9,23 We previously explored the use of a topical administration as an alternative to the intravitreal injection to deliver Mn2þ to the mouse visual system.24 W ...
... evaluation of axonal transport in optic nerves, which may provide new insights to RGC damage involved in glaucoma or other visual diseases.8,9,23 We previously explored the use of a topical administration as an alternative to the intravitreal injection to deliver Mn2þ to the mouse visual system.24 W ...
What is Blindsight?
... Differential Pupillary Constriction and Awareness in the Absence of Striate Cortex L. Weiskrantz, A. Cowey, and J.L. Barbur Form Discrimination in a Case of Blindsight ...
... Differential Pupillary Constriction and Awareness in the Absence of Striate Cortex L. Weiskrantz, A. Cowey, and J.L. Barbur Form Discrimination in a Case of Blindsight ...
Anatomy and physiology of the salivary glands
... immediately above the leading edge of the digastric muscle, posterolateral to the styloid process. It is enmeshed in this position by fibroareolar strands which have to be teased out at operation to reveal the trunk of the nerve. Immediately below and lateral to the facial nerve is the posterior aur ...
... immediately above the leading edge of the digastric muscle, posterolateral to the styloid process. It is enmeshed in this position by fibroareolar strands which have to be teased out at operation to reveal the trunk of the nerve. Immediately below and lateral to the facial nerve is the posterior aur ...
Anatomy of the nerves and ganglia of the aortic plexus in males
... €nig & McLachlan, 1987; Rusu, 2009; Gray, 2010; 1985; Ja Motoc et al. 2010); however, it remains unclear how many lumbar splanchnic nerves actually supply the aortic plexus. For example, although it is commonly suggested that four pairs of lumbar splanchnic nerves exist, the number said to supply th ...
... €nig & McLachlan, 1987; Rusu, 2009; Gray, 2010; 1985; Ja Motoc et al. 2010); however, it remains unclear how many lumbar splanchnic nerves actually supply the aortic plexus. For example, although it is commonly suggested that four pairs of lumbar splanchnic nerves exist, the number said to supply th ...
Endoscope-assisted vitrectomy Mihori Kita CITATION Kita M
... from the port at approximately 10:00. A 360-degree periphery can be observed under the endoscope by the manipulation with both hands. The monitor for the endoscopic view is another key point, and it should be located at a comfortable position for the surgeon to turn from the microscope to its monit ...
... from the port at approximately 10:00. A 360-degree periphery can be observed under the endoscope by the manipulation with both hands. The monitor for the endoscopic view is another key point, and it should be located at a comfortable position for the surgeon to turn from the microscope to its monit ...
Transverse Chromatic Aberration and Vision: Quantification and
... 24 mm. The main part of the outer shell of the eye consists of the sclera, a dense, non-transparent tissue. The sclera’s main purpose is to protect and hold the eye together. The first surface of the eye that light meets is the cornea. The cornea is a transparent tissue that is about 0.5 to 0.6 mm t ...
... 24 mm. The main part of the outer shell of the eye consists of the sclera, a dense, non-transparent tissue. The sclera’s main purpose is to protect and hold the eye together. The first surface of the eye that light meets is the cornea. The cornea is a transparent tissue that is about 0.5 to 0.6 mm t ...
Epithelial Membrane Protein-2 in Human Proliferative
... increase in PVR. Many cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a, IFN-c, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are increased in eyes with PVR; however, the level of cytokine production has not been found to directly correlate with PVR severity.4 The pathogenesis of PVR is complex, and the re ...
... increase in PVR. Many cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a, IFN-c, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are increased in eyes with PVR; however, the level of cytokine production has not been found to directly correlate with PVR severity.4 The pathogenesis of PVR is complex, and the re ...
Sheetal Baldava 1 , M. Gopal Kishan 2
... affecting the posterior segment of the eye can be unilateral or bilateral. If the fetal fissure fails to close posteriorly, then a coloboma affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), neurosensory retina, or choroid may occur. The defect is essentially a bare sclera with the overlying RPE, retin ...
... affecting the posterior segment of the eye can be unilateral or bilateral. If the fetal fissure fails to close posteriorly, then a coloboma affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), neurosensory retina, or choroid may occur. The defect is essentially a bare sclera with the overlying RPE, retin ...
Analysis of Immunomodulatory Activities of Aqueous Humor from
... uveitogenic regimen of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) (5). To account for the immunosuppressive properties of normal AqH, investigators have discovered that this ocular fluid contains numerous immunomodulatory factors, such as TGF-2 (6, 7), ␣-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (8), ...
... uveitogenic regimen of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) (5). To account for the immunosuppressive properties of normal AqH, investigators have discovered that this ocular fluid contains numerous immunomodulatory factors, such as TGF-2 (6, 7), ␣-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (8), ...
Article PDF
... 1820, Jacob28 confused many authors by referring to a membrane under the retina, running from the optic nerve to the ciliary processes, and this led to a tiring discussion according to Eschricht.4 On rereading Jacob, one has no idea what he meant, although Bidder thought that Jacob’s membrane was ...
... 1820, Jacob28 confused many authors by referring to a membrane under the retina, running from the optic nerve to the ciliary processes, and this led to a tiring discussion according to Eschricht.4 On rereading Jacob, one has no idea what he meant, although Bidder thought that Jacob’s membrane was ...
THE HYMENOPTERAN SKYLIGHT COMPASS
... measurements: either simultaneously by using four different receptors, or successively by employing only one receptor. The successive method requires that polarization-sensitive photoreceptors (the insect's analysers) can rotate about their direction of view, and that the e-vector direction of the s ...
... measurements: either simultaneously by using four different receptors, or successively by employing only one receptor. The successive method requires that polarization-sensitive photoreceptors (the insect's analysers) can rotate about their direction of view, and that the e-vector direction of the s ...
1 BOZZA 5. DEFIN. 09.06.04 < NEUROMELANIN AND BIOLOGICAL
... to absorption of excessive light; in the ear, in deadening acoustic waves. Several attempts were made, to correlate the biological activities of melanin’s with their property to conduct electricity and to transform light into current. Convincing physiological evidence is, however, still missing. ...
... to absorption of excessive light; in the ear, in deadening acoustic waves. Several attempts were made, to correlate the biological activities of melanin’s with their property to conduct electricity and to transform light into current. Convincing physiological evidence is, however, still missing. ...
Module - Mount Sinai Hospital
... was about 9.5 months. However, these children may be enrolled in early intervention programs that do not specialize in visual impairments before that time. Optic nerve hypoplasia (failure of the optic nerve to develop normally during the prenatal period) was diagnosed at an average age of 4.3 months ...
... was about 9.5 months. However, these children may be enrolled in early intervention programs that do not specialize in visual impairments before that time. Optic nerve hypoplasia (failure of the optic nerve to develop normally during the prenatal period) was diagnosed at an average age of 4.3 months ...
Effect of bright light on the transient changes of choroidal thickness
... in a more recent experiment, feeding tree shrews with dietary supplements of sufficient vitamin D3 did not show an effect on experimental myopia produced by either form deprivation or negative lenses.37 ...
... in a more recent experiment, feeding tree shrews with dietary supplements of sufficient vitamin D3 did not show an effect on experimental myopia produced by either form deprivation or negative lenses.37 ...
The Cranial Nerves
... submandibular ganglion下颌下神经节. The postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal泪腺, submandibular下颌下腺 and sublingual glands舌下腺. Special visceral afferent fiber: fiber from taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue which cell bodies are in the geniculate ganglion 膝节 of the facial nerve and end the nucleus of solit ...
... submandibular ganglion下颌下神经节. The postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal泪腺, submandibular下颌下腺 and sublingual glands舌下腺. Special visceral afferent fiber: fiber from taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue which cell bodies are in the geniculate ganglion 膝节 of the facial nerve and end the nucleus of solit ...
The Peripheral Nervous System
... specialist recognizes the problem as meningitis, but the question is what caused it originally. How can that be cured? The loss of vision comes from swelling around the optic nerve, which probably presented as a bulge on the inside of the eye. Why is swelling related to meningitis going to push on t ...
... specialist recognizes the problem as meningitis, but the question is what caused it originally. How can that be cured? The loss of vision comes from swelling around the optic nerve, which probably presented as a bulge on the inside of the eye. Why is swelling related to meningitis going to push on t ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.