Localization and characterization of substance P binding
... intraocular pressure, and disruption of the bloodaqueous barrier.' If some of these biologic effects are demonstrated to be mediated directly by metabolites from the arachidonic acid cascade (released from the iris and the ciliary body),2 it is now widely recognized that neural pathways also partici ...
... intraocular pressure, and disruption of the bloodaqueous barrier.' If some of these biologic effects are demonstrated to be mediated directly by metabolites from the arachidonic acid cascade (released from the iris and the ciliary body),2 it is now widely recognized that neural pathways also partici ...
Ch 49 Sensory & Motor Mechanisms (long version)
... EXPERIMENT Insects taste using gustatory sensilla (hairs) on their feet and mouthparts. Each sensillum contains four chemoreceptors with dendrites that extend to a pore at the tip of the sensillum. To study the sensitivity of each chemoreceptor, researchers immobilized a blowfly (Phormia regina) by ...
... EXPERIMENT Insects taste using gustatory sensilla (hairs) on their feet and mouthparts. Each sensillum contains four chemoreceptors with dendrites that extend to a pore at the tip of the sensillum. To study the sensitivity of each chemoreceptor, researchers immobilized a blowfly (Phormia regina) by ...
Clinical Diagnosis in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
... (BRVO) and central RVO (CRVO) (Figure 1a and 1b) [1]. BRVO and CRVO affect an estimated 180,000 eyes per year in the United States, making RVO the second most common retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy [2]. While BRVO occurs in approximately 80% of these patients, CRVO is associated ...
... (BRVO) and central RVO (CRVO) (Figure 1a and 1b) [1]. BRVO and CRVO affect an estimated 180,000 eyes per year in the United States, making RVO the second most common retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy [2]. While BRVO occurs in approximately 80% of these patients, CRVO is associated ...
Morphological Characteristics of the Developing Cranial Nerves and
... showed typical neuromeric morphology. In the middle of each rhombomere, neuroepithelial cells were arranged in a fanshaped pattern and their nuclei located more basally within the epithelium than those in the boundary region (Fig. 3A). Segmental boundaries of rhombomeres were thus identified and the ...
... showed typical neuromeric morphology. In the middle of each rhombomere, neuroepithelial cells were arranged in a fanshaped pattern and their nuclei located more basally within the epithelium than those in the boundary region (Fig. 3A). Segmental boundaries of rhombomeres were thus identified and the ...
Document
... detected by a photoreceptor molecule is highest when the resonant double bonds in the molecule have the same orientation as the electrical component (E-vector) of the photon. Thus by having two or more types of photoreceptors containing differently oriented photopigment molecules, the polarisation s ...
... detected by a photoreceptor molecule is highest when the resonant double bonds in the molecule have the same orientation as the electrical component (E-vector) of the photon. Thus by having two or more types of photoreceptors containing differently oriented photopigment molecules, the polarisation s ...
Vitreous fluorophotometry evaluation of xenon
... induced by xenon photocoagulation and its recovery to normal levels. The availability of vitreous fluorophotometry,2 a new quantitative method of fluorescein analysis of the vitreous that permits the detection of very small amounts of fluorescein penetrating into the vitreous through an altered bloo ...
... induced by xenon photocoagulation and its recovery to normal levels. The availability of vitreous fluorophotometry,2 a new quantitative method of fluorescein analysis of the vitreous that permits the detection of very small amounts of fluorescein penetrating into the vitreous through an altered bloo ...
The Cranial Nerves
... postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands ...
... postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands ...
Chapter 5 - Limbal Stem Cells: Application in Ocular Biomedicine
... LSCD may be primary or secondary (Kruse, 1994; Puangsricharern and Tseng, 1995). Primary LSCD is characterized by the absence of identifiable external factors and an insufficient microenvironment to support the LSCs as seen in hereditary aniridia, congenital erythrokeratoderma, keratitis with multip ...
... LSCD may be primary or secondary (Kruse, 1994; Puangsricharern and Tseng, 1995). Primary LSCD is characterized by the absence of identifiable external factors and an insufficient microenvironment to support the LSCs as seen in hereditary aniridia, congenital erythrokeratoderma, keratitis with multip ...
Full Text of
... tis, the present patient with CRVO had no symptoms of any other retinal vascular disease. Causes other than ulcerative colitis were not found during examinations conducted by physicians, ophthalmologists, and in laboratory findings in this case. We believe that the ulcerative colitis was the cause o ...
... tis, the present patient with CRVO had no symptoms of any other retinal vascular disease. Causes other than ulcerative colitis were not found during examinations conducted by physicians, ophthalmologists, and in laboratory findings in this case. We believe that the ulcerative colitis was the cause o ...
Posterior Capsule Opacification
... Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) decentration still remain two major complications of successful extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) or phacoemulsification.1-6 Ridley, who performed the first intraocular lens implantation in 1949, himself noted ...
... Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) decentration still remain two major complications of successful extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) or phacoemulsification.1-6 Ridley, who performed the first intraocular lens implantation in 1949, himself noted ...
Anatomic Landmarks and Morphometric Measurements for Accurate
... requires knowledge of the relevant anatomical landmarks. Materials and methods: Thirty mid sagittal head and neck cadaveric sections were studied and the morphometric data was collected to facilitate correct SPG localization via trans-nasal approach and infrazygomatic approach. Results: The sphenopa ...
... requires knowledge of the relevant anatomical landmarks. Materials and methods: Thirty mid sagittal head and neck cadaveric sections were studied and the morphometric data was collected to facilitate correct SPG localization via trans-nasal approach and infrazygomatic approach. Results: The sphenopa ...
A New Safety Concern for Glaucoma Treatment - Laboratoire
... desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a powerful label-free technique that can identify a compound as well as its metabolites by detecting specific peaks in their mass spectra with a histologic resolution of about 50 mm [12,13,14,15]. It has already been used for pharmacokinetics studies of drug distribu ...
... desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a powerful label-free technique that can identify a compound as well as its metabolites by detecting specific peaks in their mass spectra with a histologic resolution of about 50 mm [12,13,14,15]. It has already been used for pharmacokinetics studies of drug distribu ...
Persistent hyaloid artery with an aberrant peripheral retinal
... lentis without much or any posterior hyaloid component.[4] Posterior PHPV is very rare in which opaque connective tissue arises from the Bergmeister’s papillae and persistent hyaloid vessels.[4] They can cause congenital falciform folds of the retina and in severe cases, can cause tentlike retinal f ...
... lentis without much or any posterior hyaloid component.[4] Posterior PHPV is very rare in which opaque connective tissue arises from the Bergmeister’s papillae and persistent hyaloid vessels.[4] They can cause congenital falciform folds of the retina and in severe cases, can cause tentlike retinal f ...
PART I
... Djalilian et al.64 showed long term survival of donor cells and they support the use of long term immuno-suppression. However, others failed to establish donor cell survival and therefore question the use of systemic long term immuno-suppression.65 Also tacrolimus, a macrolid antibiotic with immuno- ...
... Djalilian et al.64 showed long term survival of donor cells and they support the use of long term immuno-suppression. However, others failed to establish donor cell survival and therefore question the use of systemic long term immuno-suppression.65 Also tacrolimus, a macrolid antibiotic with immuno- ...
Low voltage field emission scanning electron microscopy of
... electron gun1. The high brightness of the field-emission gun (FEG) guarantees a resolution of 2-3 nm at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV, a value which can only be achieved at approximately 25 kV with a LaB6 cathode. Between 1-5 kV, a resolution can be achieved which is still better than the conventi ...
... electron gun1. The high brightness of the field-emission gun (FEG) guarantees a resolution of 2-3 nm at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV, a value which can only be achieved at approximately 25 kV with a LaB6 cathode. Between 1-5 kV, a resolution can be achieved which is still better than the conventi ...
The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes
... The nocturnal helmet gecko, Tarentola chazaliae, discriminates colors in dim moonlight when humans are color blind. The sensitivity of the helmet gecko eye has been calculated to be 350 times higher than human cone vision at the color vision threshold. The optics and the large cones of the gecko are ...
... The nocturnal helmet gecko, Tarentola chazaliae, discriminates colors in dim moonlight when humans are color blind. The sensitivity of the helmet gecko eye has been calculated to be 350 times higher than human cone vision at the color vision threshold. The optics and the large cones of the gecko are ...
Superior Cervical Ganglia
... The superior cervical ganglion is the largest of the cervical ganglia and consists of the fused ganglia of C1 to C4. It is situated at the level of the second and third cervical vertebrae, anterior to the longus capitis muscle and posterior to the internal carotid artery and its carotid sheath. It i ...
... The superior cervical ganglion is the largest of the cervical ganglia and consists of the fused ganglia of C1 to C4. It is situated at the level of the second and third cervical vertebrae, anterior to the longus capitis muscle and posterior to the internal carotid artery and its carotid sheath. It i ...
Module - Mount Sinai Hospital
... When a full-term baby is born, the eye is 75 to 80% of the size of an adult eye (Eustis & Guthrie, 2003). The cornea is typically flat, causing the infant to be hyperopic or farsighted. Within the first year, the cornea changes in size, shape, and appearance. It becomes enlarged, thinner, and more t ...
... When a full-term baby is born, the eye is 75 to 80% of the size of an adult eye (Eustis & Guthrie, 2003). The cornea is typically flat, causing the infant to be hyperopic or farsighted. Within the first year, the cornea changes in size, shape, and appearance. It becomes enlarged, thinner, and more t ...
Evaluation and Management of Sus
... A careful history helps to distinguish retinal detachment from other conditions with similar symptoms (Table 3). Floaters caused by acute posterior vitreous detachment, especially in the presence of a retinal tear, occur more abruptly and dramatically than do the floaters that people experience for ...
... A careful history helps to distinguish retinal detachment from other conditions with similar symptoms (Table 3). Floaters caused by acute posterior vitreous detachment, especially in the presence of a retinal tear, occur more abruptly and dramatically than do the floaters that people experience for ...
Distinguishing Characteristics of Primary Retinal Vasculitis from
... On exam, her vision was 20/20 OD and 20/50 OS with symmetrically reactive pupils and normal intraocular pressures. Anterior segment exam was normal. However, posterior segment exam of the right eye showed peripheral vessel sheathing with peripheral non-perfusion. The left eye showed extensive neovas ...
... On exam, her vision was 20/20 OD and 20/50 OS with symmetrically reactive pupils and normal intraocular pressures. Anterior segment exam was normal. However, posterior segment exam of the right eye showed peripheral vessel sheathing with peripheral non-perfusion. The left eye showed extensive neovas ...
maxillary nerve
... • 2. The nasopalatine nerve • This nerve runs medially from the pterygopalatine ganglion into the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen. It passes the roof of the nasal cavity to reach the back of the nasal septum. The nasopalatine nerve then paeese downwards and forwards within a groove ...
... • 2. The nasopalatine nerve • This nerve runs medially from the pterygopalatine ganglion into the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen. It passes the roof of the nasal cavity to reach the back of the nasal septum. The nasopalatine nerve then paeese downwards and forwards within a groove ...
The eye organizes neural crest cell migration
... three different migratory routes: dorsal anterior to form the median ethmoid plate, medial to form the trabeculae and lateral ethmoid, and posterior to the eye into branchial arch 1 (BA1). To date, little is known about the development of the anterior eye segment and orbit in zebrafish. Although the ...
... three different migratory routes: dorsal anterior to form the median ethmoid plate, medial to form the trabeculae and lateral ethmoid, and posterior to the eye into branchial arch 1 (BA1). To date, little is known about the development of the anterior eye segment and orbit in zebrafish. Although the ...
Normal Fundus and Variations in the
... The vascular pattern consists of usually 3 retinal veins that emerge from the edge of the optic disc and traverse over the entire fundus. There are several more smaller cilioretinal arteries that have a similar pattern but are smaller. The veins and arteries always emerge from the margin of the opti ...
... The vascular pattern consists of usually 3 retinal veins that emerge from the edge of the optic disc and traverse over the entire fundus. There are several more smaller cilioretinal arteries that have a similar pattern but are smaller. The veins and arteries always emerge from the margin of the opti ...
Wavefront Aberrations
... transmission from an academic concept to one being central for better understanding of the effect of aberrations on visual performance and the corresponding image-forming properties of the eye. Imperfections in the optics of the eye are now measured and expressed as wave aberration errors. The wave ...
... transmission from an academic concept to one being central for better understanding of the effect of aberrations on visual performance and the corresponding image-forming properties of the eye. Imperfections in the optics of the eye are now measured and expressed as wave aberration errors. The wave ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.