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Name: _____________________________________________________ Pd.: ________ Date: ______________________ Study Guide – The Evolution of Populations 1. What is the advantage of genetic variation in a population? It increases the chance that some individuals will survive 2. ___gene pool_________: The combined alleles of all of the individuals in a population. 3. ___allele frequency_______: A measure of how common a certain allele is in the population. 4. What is the allele frequency of allele “G” in the population of frogs below? ___8/16=50%__________________ 5. What is the allele frequency of allele “g” in the population of frogs below? ___8/16=50%_______________ 6. If predators were able to spot light colored frogs easier than darker colored frogs, how would the allele frequency change in the population of frogs in future generations? You would see an increase in the dark colored frogs 7. The two main sources of genetic variation are __mutation____ and recombination (during sexual reproduction) _. 8. _____mutation____: a random change in the DNA of a gene. 9. Most recombination of genes occurs during the process of ___sexual reproduction___. 10. Another source of genetic variation is ___hybridization_____, or the crossing of two different species that share common genes. 11. A type of distribution in which the frequency is highest near the mean value (average) and decreases toward each extreme end of the range is called a ____normal_______ distribution. 12. The observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time is called ___microevolution______. 13. What type of natural selection is shown in Grapn A?____directional______ In Graph B? ___stabilizing___________ In Graph C? ___disruptive__________ 14. Which type of selection favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait’s range? ______directional_________ 15. Which type of selection favors phenotypes of the mean, or average type? ______stabilizing______________ 16. Which type of selection favors phenotypes at both extremes of a traits range? ______disruptive___________ 1 17. The movement of alleles from one population to another is called ______gene flow_____________ 18. The less gene flow that occurs between two populations, the more genetically ____different__________ the two populations become. 19. A lack of gene flow [increases / decreases] the chance that two populations will evolve into different species. 20. A change in allele frequencies due to chance is called _______genetic drift_________________________ 21. Genetic drift causes loss of _____genetic diversity________ in a population. 22. ____bottleneck effect__________: genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of a population. 23. ____founder effect_____________: genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area. 24. Describe two problems that can be caused by genetic drift. ________population loses genetic variation; alleles that are lethal in homozygous individuals may be carried by heterozygous individuals become more common in the gene pool by chance___________________________________________________________________ 25. How does the cost of reproduction often differ for males and females? Males produce many sperm continuously therefore the value of each sperm is relatively small and they can make many investments at a low cost. Females have a limited number of eggs and therefore each investment they make is more valuable. 26. ______sexual selection_______: occurs when certain traits increase mating success 27. Name and describe the two types of sexual selection; 1. ____intrasexual selection: between the males (fighting)____________ 2. ___intersexual selection: when the males display traits to attract the female (peacock feathers) 28. Hardy and Weinberg identified five conditions needed for a population to stay in equilibrium. Populations that meet these conditions are not evolving. They are said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Name these five conditions: 1. __very large population: no genetic drift can occur 2. __no emigration or immigration: no gene flow can occur 3. __no mutations: no new alleles can be added to the gene pool 4. __random mating: no sexual selection can occur 5. __no natural selection: all traits must equally aid in survival 29. ___reproductive isolation_______: occurs when members of different populations can no longer mate successfully with one another. 30. __speciation___________: the rise of two or more species from one existing species 31. Name and describe three ways that populations can become isolated: 1. behavioral isolation: caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors 2. geographic isolation: involves physical barriers that divide a population into two or more groups 3. temporal isolation: exists when timing prevents reproduction between populations 2 32. Tell what type of isolation is occurring in each of the following examples” ____geographic________: a population is separated by a body of water after flooding ____behavioral___________: some members of a population have developed different methods of courtship than other members of the population ____temporal_______________: Some members of a population begin hunting only at night, while others continue to hunt during the day __temporal______________: Some members of a population of trees begin to have different pollination periods than other members of the population _____geographic______________: snapping shrimp of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ___behavioral______________: different patterns of firefly flashes 33. Define each of the following terms: Convergent evolution: evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species Divergent evolution: when closely related species evolve in different directions Coevoluton: the process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other Extinction: the elimination of a species from Earth Punctuated equilibrium: episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time and are followed by long periods of little evolutionary change Adaptive radiation: the diversification of one ancestral species into many descendent species 34. Tell whether each of the following examples show convergent or divergent evolution. ______convergent_____________: the tail fins of fish and marine mammals ______divergent______________: the red fox and the kit fox ______convergent__________: Analagous structures such as wings on birds and insects 35. The fossil record indicates that there have been at least _________5______ mass extinctions in the last 600 million years. 3 36. Who am I? Choose among the following terms to answer the riddles below: Behavioral isolation geographic isolation temporal isolation Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium normal distribution punctuated equilibrium I separate populations with factors of time, such as when one population reproduces in the spring and another reproduces in the summer: _____temporal isolation________ I look like a bell-shaped curve, having the highest frequency in the middle: _____normal distribution____ I separate populations with physical barriers so that members of each population no longer have contact with each other: ____geographic isolation_______ I occur when there are no changes in allele frequencies for a certain trait from generation to generation; I rarely occur in real populations: ____Hardy-Weinbergy equilibrium____________ I am a pattern of evolution that is seen in the fossil record; I consist of short periods with lots of evolutionary activity, followed by long periods with much less evolutionary activity: ____punctuated equilibrium_____ I separate populations with different courtship or mating rituals. _____behavioral isolation______ 37. microevolution convergent evolution coevolution divergent evolution Process in which two species evolve in response to changes in each other, over many generations: ___coevolution_________ Process in which unrelated species evolve similar traits while adapting to similar environments: ____convergent evolution Process in which closely related species become more and more different as they adapt to different environments: ______divergent evolution________ Process which can occur over a few generations, in which a population’s allele frequencies change in any way: _______microevolution_______ 4