Download Chapter 10 Endocrine System

Chapter 19
Endocrine System
Robert Pershing Wadlow
Wadlow reached the height of
2.72 m (almost 9 ft) and a weight of
222 kg (488 lbs)
before his death at the age of 22.
His large size was attributed to a
tumor in the pituitary. He was still in a
growth phase when died of an
infection.
Hormones
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Production of ADH,
oxytocin, and regulatory
hormones
Melatonin
Parathyroid Glands
(on posterior surface of
thyroid gland)
Pituitary Gland
Pars distalis (anterior lobe):
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL,
FSH, LH, and MSH
Neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe):
Release of oxytocin
and ADH
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Heart
Natriuretic peptides:
Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
Brain natriuretic
peptide (BNP)
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)
Kidney
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
(Chapters 19 and 26)
Thymus
(Undergoes atrophy
during adulthood)
Adipose Tissue
Thymosins
KEY TO PITUITARY HORMONES
Suprarenal Glands
ACTH
TSH
GH
PRL
FSH
LH
MSH
ADH
Each suprarenal gland is
subdivided into:
Medulla:
Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Cortex:
Cortisol, corticosterone,
aldosterone, androgens
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Leptin
Resistin
Digestive Tract
Numerous hormones
(detailed in Chapter 25)
Pancreatic Islets
Testis
Insulin, glucagon
Gonads
Ovary
Testes (male):
Androgens (especially
testosterone), inhibin
Ovaries (female):
Estrogens, progestins,
inhibin
Figure 19.2 Neuroendocrine Integration: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland (5 of 6)
HYPOTHALAMUS
Third
ventricle
Mamillary
body
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum
Diaphragma
sellae
Adenohypophysis
(anterior lobe)
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis
Neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe)
Sella turcica
of sphenoid
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Figure 19.2 Neuroendocrine Integration: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland (3 of 6)
1
3
2
Hypothalamic
neurons produce
the hormones
antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
and oxytocin.
After transport
along their axons,
these hormones
are released at the
neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe of
the pituitary gland).
Integrative centers release
regulatory hormones to control
activity of the adenohypophysis
(anterior lobe of the pituitary gland).
Regulatory hormones reach their
targets via the hypophyseal
portal system, detailed below.
Autonomic centers
in the hypothalamus
exert neural control
over hormone
secretion by the
adrenal medullae.
HYPOTHALAMUS
Preganglionic
motor fibers
Infundibulum
(connection between
hypothalamus and
the pituitary gland)
Adenohypophysis
(anterior lobe of
pituitary gland)
Secretion of multiple hormones that
control other endocrine organs.
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Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe of
pituitary gland)
Release of ADH and oxytocin; these hormones
are called neurosecretions because they are
produced and released by neurons.
Suprarenal
(adrenal)
gland
Secretion of epinephrine
and norepinephrine
1. Glandular 2. nervous 3. infundibulum
Figure 19.3 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Hypothalamus
Indirect Control through Release
of Regulatory Hormones
Regulatory hormones are released into
the hypophyseal portal system for delivery
to the enterior lobe of the pituitary
Direct Release
of Hormones
Sensory
Osmoreceptor
stimulation stimulation
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic
hormone, or
vasopressin,
targets the
kidneys. It
results in the
reabsorption of
water, and
elevation of both
blood volume and
blood pressure.
Oxytocin targets the uterus
and mammary glands in
females. It causes labor
contractions and milk
ejection.
Kidney
In males, oxytocin targets the
ductus deferens and prostate
gland, and results in
contractions of the ductus
deferens and prostate, and
ejection of secretions.
Uterus
Prostate
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Thyroidstimulating
hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Gonadotropins:
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
targets the thyroid
gland. It results in
the production of
thyroid hormones
(T3, T4).
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
targets the
suprarenal cortex.
It stimulates
glucocorticoid
secretion.
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) targets
follicular cells in the
ovaries of females, and
nurse cells in the testes
of males. FSH causes
follicle development and
estrogen secretion in
females, and sperm
maturation in males.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
targets follicular cells in
the ovaries of females
and interstitial cells in the
testes of males. In
females, LH causes
ovulation, corpus luteum
formation, and
progesterone secretion.
Thyroid gland
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Suprarenal
(adrenal) gland
Ovary
Prolactin (PRL)
Testis
Prolactin (PRL)
targets the female
mammary glands
and causes the
production of
milk.
Mammary gland
Growth hormone
(GH)
Growth hormone
(GH) targets all
cells in the body.
It causes growth,
protein synthesis,
lipid mobilization
and catabolism.
Musculoskeletal
system
Melanocytestimulating
hormone (MSH)
Melanocytestimulating
hormone
(MSH) targets
melanocytes.
It results
in increased
melanin
production in
the epidermis.
Melanocyte
Figure 19.6a Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland
Hyoid bone
Superior
thyroid artery
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Superior
thyroid vein
Common
carotid artery
Right lobe of
thyroid gland
Middle thyroid vein
Internal
jugular vein
Cricoid cartilage
of larynx
Left lobe of
thyroid gland
Isthmus of
thyroid gland
Inferior
thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Trachea
Inferior
thyroid
veins
Outline of clavicle
Outline of sternum
Location and anatomy of the thyroid gland
Figure 19.4c Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland
T thyrocyte
cells
Capillary
Capsule
C thyrocyte cell
Follicle
cavities
Cuboidal
epithelium
of follicle
Thyroid
follicle
Thyroid
follicle
Thyroglobulin
stored in colloid
of follicle
C thyrocyte
cell
Follicles of the thyroid gland
c Histological details of the thyroid gland showing thyroid follicles
and both of the cell types in the follicular epithelium
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LM x 260
1. Follicle (simple cuboidal)
2. Colloid within the follicle (storage of substances to make thyroid hormone)
4. Parafollicular cells (secrete calcitonin)
Figure 19.6ab Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid
follicles
Blood vessel
Connective
tissue capsule
of parathyroid
gland
Parathyroid and thyroid gland
Left lobe of
thyroid gland
b The histology of the
parathyroid and thyroid glands
Parathyroid
glands
a The location and size of
the parathyroid glands
on the posterior surface
of the thyroid lobes
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LM x 100
Figure 19.8b Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid
follicles
Blood vessel
Connective
tissue capsule
of parathyroid
gland
Parathyroid and thyroid gland
The histology of the parathyroid
and thyroid glands
LM  100
Figure 19.7ab Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Suprarenal Gland
Right and
left inferior
phrenic arteries
Right superior
suprarenal arteries
Cortex
Sectional plane
for part (b)
Medulla
Celiac trunk
Left suprarenal
(adrenal) gland
Right suprarenal
(adrenal) gland
Left middle
suprerenal artery
Right middle
suprarenal artery
Left inferior
suprarenal arteries
Right inferior
suprarenal artery
Left suprarenal vein
Right renal
artery
Left renal artery
Left renal vein
Right renal
vein
Inferior
vena cava
Abdominal
aorta
a Anterior view of the kidney and suprarenal
gland. Note the sectional plane for part (b).
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Superior
mesenteric
artery
b A suprarenal gland
cut to show both
the cortex and the
medulla. Note the
orientation of the
section for part (c).
Figure 19.10ab Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pancreas
Common
bile duct
Pancreatic
duct
Body of
pancreas
Lobule
Tail
Accessory
pancreatic
duct
Head of
pancreas
Small
intestine
(duodenum)
The gross anatomy of the pancreas
Pancreatic acini
(exocrine cells)
Pancreatic islet
(islet of Langerhans)
Endocrine cells:
 cells (glucagon)
 cells (insulin)
F cells (pancreatic
polypeptide)
 cells (somatostatin)
Pancreatic islet
General histology of the pancreatic islets
LM  400
Thymus
Clinical Note 19.1 Endocrine Disorders
Acromegaly
Enlarged thyroid gland
Cretinism
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Addison’s disease
Cushing’s disease