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Transcript
Interest Grabber Section 2-3 Life’s Backbone Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain. Go to Section: Interest Grabber continued Section 2-3 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon. 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them. 3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them. Go to Section: Section Outline Section 2-3 2–3Carbon Compounds A.The Chemistry of Carbon B.Macromolecules C.Carbohydrates D.Lipids E.Nucleic Acids F. Proteins Go to Section: The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2-3 KEY CONCEPTS: What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules? http://www.uri.edu/pharmacy/faculty/cho/research.html http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm Phospholipid by RIEDELL MACROMOLECULES important to living things! 1._____________ Carbohydrates Proteins 2. _____________ Lipids 3. _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Nucleic acids 4._____________ CARBOHYDRATES contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O) Example: GLUCOSE C6H12O6 Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Molecules made up of only ONE sugar molecule are _____ called ________________ MONOSACCHARIDES Glucose is a monosaccharide Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html MONOSACCHARIDES Single sugar molecules C6H12O6 C6H12O6 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html C6H12O6 C5H10O5 Figure 2-13 A Starch Section 2-3 Starch Glucose Go to Section: Molecules made by joining MANY sugar molecules together are called POLYSACCHARIDES ___________________ EXAMPLES: Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif WHAT DO CARBOHYDRATES DO? Image from: http://www.sdada.org/Pyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs More about this in Chapters 7 and 9 Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY GLYCOGEN is the way ANIMAL _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later. Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY STARCH is the way _______ cells PLANT store GLUCOSE for later. Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL CELLULOSE makes plants sturdy Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://www.kalyx.com/store/images/ApiumGraveolens9.jpg CARBOHYDRATES HELP with CELL IDENTIFICATION GLYCOPROTEINS (proteins with sugars attached) on the surface of cells help cells recognize “self” More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm GLYCOPROTEINS are important for: BLOOD TYPES ORGAN REJECTION Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm RECOGNIZING GERMS MACROMOLECULES important to living things! 1._____________ Carbohydrates Proteins 2. _____________ Lipids 3. _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Nucleic acids 4._____________ PROTEINS contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen and are built from AMINO ACID subunits Image by: Riedell Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Go to Section: Alanine Serine Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Go to Section: Alanine Serine Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Go to Section: Alanine Serine R group is different for each AMINO ACID There are 20 different AMINO ACIDS used by cells to make PROTEINS Proteins are polymers of amino acids DNA code determines the Amino acid sequence ______________ Images from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html Proteins have several levels of organization “Like wants to be near like” R groups Hydrophobic nature of____________ determines the 3 D structure Image from: http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg Proteins have several levels of organization Van der Waals forces & _____________ hydrogen bonds _______________ maintain the folded protein’s shape Image from: http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg WHAT DO PROTEINS DO? Image from: http://www.drpbody.com/images/meatpoultryfish.gif GLYCOPROTEINS (SUGARS attached to proteins) on the surface of cells help cells recognize “self” More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm GLYCOPROTEINS are important for: BLOOD TYPES ORGAN REJECTION Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm RECOGNIZING GERMS PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL Proteins and phospholipids are main components in cell membranes More about this in Chapters 7 Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL Combine with DNA to wrap up chromosomes More about this in Chapters 7 and 10 Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/chromosome.gif Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES Remember ENZYMES help chemical reactions happen faster More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12 PROTEINS CONTROL GENES by turning them on and off More about this in Chapters 12 http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/genetics/protsyn/regulation/ionoind.html Images from: http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm PROTEINS fight germs _____________ ANTIBODIES are proteins ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM PROTEINS help in Transport Cell membrane proteins help move molecules in and out of cells More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/FacDiff.htm PROTEINS help in Transport HEMOGLOBIN _____________ in red blood cells helps carry oxygen to all body cells Image from: http://www.cellsalive.com/pics/cover4.gif More about this in Chapter 11 PROTEINS contract to MOVE THINGS Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arm_flex_supinate.jpg http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html Body muscles, flagella, and mitotic spindle are made of PROTEINS More about this in Chapters 7 and 10 PROTEINS act as HORMONES Eating food puts GLUCOSE in your bloodstream INSULIN ________________ is a protein hormone that controls blood sugar Image from: http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif Insulin function image by Riedell using Glycogen image modified from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif People with DIABETES can’t make insulin and their blood sugar stays too high because cells can’t store it. Insulin shots can replace the missing insulin Image modified from: http://sonya.lanecurrent.net/Health/Images/meds.gif MACROMOLECULES important to living things! 1._____________ Carbohydrates Proteins 2. _____________ Lipids 3. _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Nucleic acids 4. _____________ Lipids are large molecules made mainly from CARBON and HYDROGEN (very few OXYGEN atoms) Images: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm WHAT DO LIPIDS DO? Image from: http://www.umassmed.edu/diabeteshandbook/chap06.htm ___________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS (lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head) http://asm.wku.edu/pix/cells/P-lipid2.gif PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS join with PROTEINS to make cell membranes More about this in Chapters 7 Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques LIPIDS can store energy long term Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg LIPIDS insulate Form myelin insulation on nerve cells http://www.alongnaturestrail.com/the_nervous_system.html LIPIDS insulate Help maintain body heat (homeostasis) http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/imagedata/0,1658,5116542,00.jpg LIPIDS can be HORMONES STEROIDS ___________ like TESTOSTERONE, ESTROGEN, and PROGESTERONE are steroid hormones involved in reproduction http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm MACROMOLECULES important to living things! 1._____________ Carbohydrates Proteins 2. _____________ Lipids 3. _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Nucleic acids 4._____________ NUCLEIC ACIDS contain: are built from Carbon, NUCLEOTIDE ___________ subunits Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Image by: Riedell Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDES sugar & Changing the _______ and ____________ nitrogen base produces different nucleotides 2 SUGARS used: Deoxyribose (_____) DNA Ribose (____) RNA 5 NITROGEN BASES ADENINE _____________ GUANINE _____________ CYTOSINE _____________ THYMINE _____________ _____________ URACIL = = = = = A G C T (only in DNA) U (only in RNA) 2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS _____= DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ______________ DOUBLE STRANDED SUBUNITS: A, T, G, C (No U) Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg DNA molecule forms a HELIX or “twisted ladder” A on one strand always bonds with T opposite it G on one strand always bonds with C opposite it Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif 2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS _______= Ribonucleic acid RNA _________STRANDED SINGLE Subunits: A, U, G, C (NO T) Image from: http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/biology/01.TU.03/illustrations/01.IL.09.gif WHAT DO NUCLEIC ACIDS DO? Image from: http://www.ohsu.edu/healthyaging/caregiving/images/food_pyramid.gif ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to store and transport ENERGY Image by: Riedell ATP RIBOSE Sugar =_____________ ADENINE Nitrogen base =__________ 3 PHOSPATE groups +___ More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12 Image from: http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif DNA Stores cell’s genetic information More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14 Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved RNA Carries instructions from DNA out to cell for protein synthesis More about this in Chapters 7 and 12 Concept Map Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain Go to Section: Concept Map Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Go to Section: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen which contain which contain Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,