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Interest Grabber
Section 2-3
Life’s Backbone
Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact,
carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds.
Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which
makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.
As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different
carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For
example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of
atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.
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Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-3
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain
carbon.
2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your
list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.
3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those
elements next to them.
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Section Outline
Section 2-3
2–3Carbon Compounds
A.The Chemistry of Carbon
B.Macromolecules
C.Carbohydrates
D.Lipids
E.Nucleic Acids
F. Proteins
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Section:
The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2-3
KEY CONCEPTS:
What macromolecules are important to living things?
What are the functions of each group of macromolecules?
http://www.uri.edu/pharmacy/faculty/cho/research.html
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm
Phospholipid by RIEDELL
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Nucleic acids
4._____________
CARBOHYDRATES contain
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
(with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)
Example:
GLUCOSE C6H12O6
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Molecules made up of only
ONE sugar molecule are
_____
called ________________
MONOSACCHARIDES
Glucose is a
monosaccharide
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
MONOSACCHARIDES
Single sugar molecules
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg
http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
C6H12O6
C5H10O5
Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
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Section:
Molecules made by joining
MANY sugar molecules
together are called
POLYSACCHARIDES
___________________
EXAMPLES:
Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
WHAT DO
CARBOHYDRATES
DO?
Image from: http://www.sdada.org/Pyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
Cells burn GLUCOSE
for their energy needs
More about this in Chapters 7 and 9
Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
GLYCOGEN is
the way
ANIMAL
_________
cells
store GLUCOSE
to use later.
Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
STARCH is
the way
_______
cells
PLANT
store GLUCOSE for later.
Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL
CELLULOSE
makes plants
sturdy
Images from:
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
http://www.kalyx.com/store/images/ApiumGraveolens9.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES HELP
with CELL IDENTIFICATION
GLYCOPROTEINS
(proteins with
sugars attached)
on the surface of
cells help cells
recognize “self”
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
Image from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES
ORGAN
REJECTION
Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg
http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
RECOGNIZING
GERMS
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Nucleic acids
4._____________
PROTEINS contain:
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Oxygen, and
Nitrogen and
are built from
AMINO ACID
subunits
Image by: Riedell
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Go to
Section:
Alanine
Serine
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
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Section:
Alanine
Serine
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Go to
Section:
Alanine
Serine
R group is different for each
AMINO ACID
There are 20 different
AMINO ACIDS used by cells
to make PROTEINS
Proteins are polymers of
amino acids
DNA code determines the
Amino acid sequence
______________
Images from:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html
Proteins have several levels
of organization
“Like wants to be
near like”
R groups
Hydrophobic nature of____________
determines the 3 D structure
Image from:
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg
Proteins have several levels
of organization
Van der Waals forces & _____________
hydrogen bonds
_______________
maintain the folded protein’s shape
Image from:
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg
WHAT DO
PROTEINS
DO?
Image from: http://www.drpbody.com/images/meatpoultryfish.gif
GLYCOPROTEINS
(SUGARS attached to proteins)
on the surface
of cells help
cells recognize
“self”
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
Image from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES
ORGAN
REJECTION
Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg
http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
RECOGNIZING
GERMS
PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL
Proteins and phospholipids
are main components in
cell membranes
More about this in Chapters 7
Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques
PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL
Combine with
DNA to wrap
up chromosomes
More about this in Chapters 7 and 10
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/chromosome.gif
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
Remember
ENZYMES help
chemical reactions
happen faster
More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12
PROTEINS CONTROL GENES
by turning them on and off
More about this in Chapters 12
http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/genetics/protsyn/regulation/ionoind.html
Images from: http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
PROTEINS fight germs
_____________
ANTIBODIES
are proteins
ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM
PROTEINS help in Transport
Cell membrane
proteins help move
molecules in and
out of cells
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
Image from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/FacDiff.htm
PROTEINS help in Transport
HEMOGLOBIN
_____________
in red blood
cells helps carry
oxygen to all
body cells
Image from: http://www.cellsalive.com/pics/cover4.gif
More about this in Chapter 11
PROTEINS contract to
MOVE THINGS
Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arm_flex_supinate.jpg
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html
Body muscles,
flagella, and mitotic
spindle are made of
PROTEINS
More about this in Chapters 7 and 10
PROTEINS act as HORMONES
Eating food puts
GLUCOSE in your
bloodstream
INSULIN
________________
is a protein hormone
that controls blood sugar
Image from: http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif
Insulin function image by Riedell using Glycogen image modified from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
People with DIABETES
can’t make insulin and their
blood sugar stays too high
because cells can’t store it.
Insulin shots can replace
the missing insulin
Image modified from: http://sonya.lanecurrent.net/Health/Images/meds.gif
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Nucleic acids
4. _____________
Lipids are large molecules made
mainly from CARBON and
HYDROGEN
(very few OXYGEN atoms)
Images:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
WHAT
DO
LIPIDS
DO?
Image from: http://www.umassmed.edu/diabeteshandbook/chap06.htm
___________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
(lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head)
http://asm.wku.edu/pix/cells/P-lipid2.gif
PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS
join with PROTEINS to make
cell membranes
More about this in Chapters 7
Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques
LIPIDS
can store
energy long
term
Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg
LIPIDS insulate
Form myelin insulation
on nerve cells
http://www.alongnaturestrail.com/the_nervous_system.html
LIPIDS insulate
Help maintain
body heat
(homeostasis)
http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/imagedata/0,1658,5116542,00.jpg
LIPIDS can be HORMONES
STEROIDS
___________
like
TESTOSTERONE,
ESTROGEN, and
PROGESTERONE
are steroid hormones
involved in reproduction
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Nucleic acids
4._____________
NUCLEIC ACIDS
contain:
are built from
Carbon,
NUCLEOTIDE
___________
subunits
Hydrogen,
Oxygen,
Phosphorus
and Nitrogen
Image by: Riedell
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDES
sugar &
Changing the _______
and ____________
nitrogen base produces
different nucleotides
2 SUGARS used:
Deoxyribose (_____)
DNA
Ribose (____)
RNA
5 NITROGEN BASES
ADENINE
_____________
GUANINE
_____________
CYTOSINE
_____________
THYMINE
_____________
_____________
URACIL
=
=
=
=
=
A
G
C
T (only in DNA)
U (only in RNA)
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS
_____=
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
______________
DOUBLE
STRANDED
SUBUNITS:
A, T, G, C (No U)
Image from:
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
DNA molecule forms a HELIX
or “twisted ladder”
A on one strand always
bonds with T opposite it
G on one strand always
bonds with C opposite it
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS
_______=
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
_________STRANDED
SINGLE
Subunits:
A, U, G, C (NO T)
Image from: http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/biology/01.TU.03/illustrations/01.IL.09.gif
WHAT
DO
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
DO?
Image from:
http://www.ohsu.edu/healthyaging/caregiving/images/food_pyramid.gif
ONE SPECIAL KIND of
NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to
store and transport ENERGY
Image by: Riedell
ATP
RIBOSE
Sugar =_____________
ADENINE
Nitrogen base =__________
3 PHOSPATE groups
+___
More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12
Image from: http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
DNA
Stores cell’s
genetic
information
More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
RNA
Carries instructions
from DNA out to cell
for protein synthesis
More about this in Chapters 7 and 12
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
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Section:
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Go to
Section:
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,