Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 7 Skeletal System Introduction A. Skeletal tissues form________________________– the organs of the skeletal system B. The adult skeleton is composed of ________________________separate bones Divisions of Skeleton (Figure 8-1; Table 8-1) A. Axial skeleton – the ________________________ bones of the head, neck, and torso; composed of ________________________ bones that form the upright axis of the body and six tiny middle ear bones B. Appendicular skeleton – the ________________________bones that form the appendages to the ________________________ skeleton; the upper and lower extremities Axial Skeleton A. Skull – made up of 28 bones in two major divisions: ________________________ bones and ________________________ bones (Figures 8-2 to 8-7; Table 8-3) 1. Cranial bones a. Frontal bone (Figure 8-8, C) 1) Forms the ________________________and anterior part of the ________________________ of the cranium 2) Contains the frontal ________________________ 3) Forms the ________________________ portion of the orbits 4) Forms the coronal ________________________ with the two parietal bones b. Parietal bones (Figure 8-8, A) 1) Form the bulging ________________________ of the cranium 2) Form ________________________l sutures: lambdoidal suture c. Temporal bones (Figure 8-8, B) 1) Form the ________________________ sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor 2) Contain the inner and middle ________________________ 3) Mastoiditis – inflammation of a sinus with in the temporal ________________________ d. Occipital bone (Figure 8-8, D) 1) Forms the lower, ________________________part of the skull 2) Forms ________________________ joints with three other cranial bones and a ________________________ joint with the first cervical vertebra 1 3) Form immovable joints with ________________________ other cranial bones 4) Forms one moveable________________________ e. Sphenoid bone (Figure 8-8, E) 1) A ________________________ – shaped bones located in the central portion of the cranial floor. 2) ________________________ of the cranium 3) Contains the sphenoid ________________________ f. Ethmoid bone (Figure 8-8, F) 1) A complicated, ________________________ bone that lies anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the________________________bones 2) If damaged, infectious materials can pass form the nose to the ________________________ 2. Facial bones (Table 8-4) a. Maxilla (upper jaw) Figure 8-8, H 1) ________________________ maxillae form the keystone of the face (upper ________________________) 2) Maxillae articulate with each other and with ________________________, zygomatic, inferior concha, and palatine ________________________ 3) Forms parts of the orbital ________________________, roof of the ________________________, and floor and sidewalls of the ________________________ 4) Contains maxillary sinuses (paranasal sinuses) b. Mandible (lowerjaw) Figure 8-8, M 1) ________________________, strongest bone of the________________________ 2) Forms the only movable joint of the ________________________with the temporal ________________________ 3) Lower________________________ c. Zygomatic bone (Figure 8-8, I) (malar) 1) Shapes the ________________________ and forms the outer margin of the orbit 2) Forms the zygomatic arch with the zygomatic process of the temporal________________________ d. Nasal bone (Figure 8-8, L) 1) Both nasal bones form the upper part of the bridge of the nose, whereas cartilage forms the lower part 2) Articulates with the ethmoid, nasal septum, frontal, maxillae, and the other nasal bone e. Lacrimal bone (Figure 8-8, K) 1) Paper – thin ________________________ that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone 2 2) Forms the nasal ________________________ and medial wall of the orbit 3) Contains groove for the nasolacrimal (________________________) duct 4) Articulates with maxilla, ________________________, and ethmoid bones f. Palatine bone (Figure 8-8, J) 1) Two bones form the posterior part of the ________________________ palate 2) Vertical portion forms the lateral wall of the posterior part of each ________________________ cavity 3) Artiuclates with the maxillae and the sphenoid bone g. Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) 1) Form lower ________________________ projecting into the nasal cavity and form the________________________meati 2) Articulate with ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary, and palatine bones h. Vomer bone (Figure 8-8, G) 1) Forms posterior portion of the ________________________ septum 2) Articulates with the sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, and maxillae B. Hyoid bone (Figure 8-12) 1. U-shaped bone located just above the ________________________ and below the maxillae 2. ________________________ from the styloid processes of the temporal bone 3. Only bone in the body that artic8lates with no other ________________________ C. Vertebral column (figure 8-13) 1. Forms the________________________longitudinal axis of the ________________________ 2. Consists of ________________________ vertebrae plus the sacrum and coccyx 3. Segments of the vertebral column: (superior to________________________- upper to ________________________) a. Cervical vertebrae, 7 (skeletal framework of the________________________ b. Thoracic vertebrae, 12 c. Lumbar vertebrae, 5 d. Sacrum – in the adult, results from the fusion of five separate ________________________ e. Coccyx – in the adult, results from the fusion of four or five ________________________ vertebrae 4. Characteristics of the vertebrae (Figures 8-14; Table 8-6) 3 a. All vertebrae, except the first, have a flat, ________________________body anteriorly and centrally, a spinous process posteriorly and ________________________transverse processes laterally b. All but the sacrum and coccyx have a vertebra________________________ c. Second cerival vertebrae has an upward projection, the dens to allow rotation of the ________________________ d. Seventh cerical vertebra has a long blunt spinous process e. Each thoracic vertebra has articulated facets for the ________________________ 5. Vertebral column as a whole articulated with the head, ribs, and iliac ________________________ 6. Individual vertebrae articulate with each other in ________________________ between their bodies and between their articular ________________________ D. Sternum (Figure 8-15) 1. Dagger – shaped bone in the middle of the anterior ________________________ wall made up of three parts a. Manubrium – the upper handle part (most superior part b. Body – Middle blade ________________________ c. Xiphoid process – blunt cartilaninous lower tip which ossifies during adult ________________________ 2. Manubrium articulates with the clavicle and first________________________ 3. Next nine ribs join the body of the sternum either directly or indirectly by means of the costal ________________________ E. Ribs (figure 8-15 and 8-16) – Thoracic cage 1. ________________________ pairs of ribs, with the vertebral columns and sternum, form the________________________ 2. Ribs 2 through ________________________ articulate with the body of the vertebra above 3. From its vertebral attachment, each ________________________curves outward, then forward and ________________________ 4. Rib attachment to the sternum: a. Ribs 1 through ________________________join a costal cartilage that attaches it to the sternum (________________________ ribs)) b. Costal cartilage of ribs 8 through ________________________ joins the cartilage of the ___________________ above to be indirectly attached to the sternum c. Ribs 11 and 12 are ___________________ ribs, since they do not attach even indirectly to the sternum Appendicular Skeleton A. Upper extremity (Table 8-7) 4 1. Consists of the ___________________ of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, lower arm, wrist, and ___________________ 2. ___________________ girdle (figure 8-17) a. Made up of the scapula and clavicle b. Clavicle forms the only bony joint with the trunk, the sternoclaviclar ___________________ c. At its distal end, the clavicle articulates with the acromion ___________________of the scapula 3. Humerus (Figures 8-18) and 8-19) a. the long bone of the upper ___________________ 4. Ulna a. The long bone found on the little finger side of the___________________ b. Articulates proximally with the humerus and radius and distally with a fibrocartilaginous ___________________ 5. Radius a. The ___________________ bone found on the thumb side of the forearm b. Articulates proximally with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna; articulates distally with the scaphoid and lunate carpals and with the ___________________of the ulna 6. Carpal bone (Figure 8-20) a. Eight___________________bones that form the wrist b. Carpals are bound closely and firmly by ligaments and form___________________rows of four carpals each 1) Proximal row is made up of the pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, and scaphoid 2) ___________________row is made up of the hamate, capitate, trapezoids, and trapezium 5. Metacarpal bones a. Form the framework of the ___________________ b. The thumb metacarpal forms the most freely___________________joint with the carpals (Makes us different from other animals) c. ___________________ of the metacarpals (the knuckles) articulate with the phalanges B. Lower extremity 1. Consists of the bones of the ___________________, thigh, lower leg, ankle, and ___________________ (Table 8-8) 2. Pelvic girdle is made up of the sacrum and the___________________coxal bones bound tightly by strong ligaments (figure 8-21) a. A ___________________ circular base that supports the trunk and attaches the lower extremities to it b. Each coxal bone is made up of___________________ bones that fuse together (figure 8-22) 5 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1) Ilium – largest and ___________________ 2) Ischium – strongest and ___________________ 3) Pubis - ___________________ Femur – ___________________ and heaviest bone in the body (figure 823) Patella – largest sesamoid bone in the body (___________________) Tibia a. The ___________________, stronger, and more medially and superficially located of the___________________leg bones b. Articulates proximally with the ___________________ to form the ___________________ joint c. Articulates ___________________ with the fibula and talus Fibula a. The ___________________, more laterally and deeply placed of the ___________________ leg bones b. Articulates with the tibia Foot (Figures 8-24 and 8-25) a. Structure is similar to that of the hand with ___________________ for supporting weight b. ___________________ bones are held together to form spring arches Skeletal Differences in Men and Women A. Male___________________is larger and heavier than female skeleton B. Pelvic differences (figure 8026; table 8-9) 1. Male pelvis – a. ___________________and funnel shaped with a narrow pubic arch b. Less than ___________________angle c. Males is more ___________________ than female 2. Female pelvis – a. shallow, broad, and flaring with a ___________________ pubic arch b. During ___________________, the baby passes through an imaginary plane called the pelvic outlet c. Iliac ___________________is more flared in females than in ___________________ Cycle of Life: Skeletal System A. Changes in the skeletal ___________________ result from changes in bone, cartilage, and muscle tissue B. Older adults 1. Loss of bone density a. prone to ___________________ 2. Loss of skeletal tissue density a. Compression of weight – bearing bones 6 1) Loss of___________________ 2) Postural ___________________ 3) Abnormal ___________________ Curvatures a) Kyphosis – a ___________________ back appearance b) Scholiosis is a lateral ___________________ of the spine c) Loss of ___________________ – called false motion d) ___________________ e) Deformity 3. Degenerative of skeletal muscle tissue a. Loss of ___________________ b. Postural ___________________ 7