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Chapter 7
Skeletal System
Introduction
A. Skeletal tissues form________________________– the organs of the skeletal
system
B. The adult skeleton is composed of ________________________separate bones
Divisions of Skeleton (Figure 8-1; Table 8-1)
A. Axial skeleton – the ________________________ bones of the head, neck, and
torso; composed of ________________________ bones that form the upright axis
of the body and six tiny middle ear bones
B. Appendicular skeleton – the ________________________bones that form the
appendages to the ________________________ skeleton; the upper and lower
extremities
Axial Skeleton
A. Skull – made up of 28 bones in two major divisions:
________________________ bones and ________________________ bones
(Figures 8-2 to 8-7; Table 8-3)
1. Cranial bones
a. Frontal bone (Figure 8-8, C)
1) Forms the ________________________and anterior part of
the ________________________ of the cranium
2) Contains the frontal ________________________
3) Forms the ________________________ portion of the
orbits
4) Forms the coronal ________________________ with the
two parietal bones
b. Parietal bones (Figure 8-8, A)
1) Form the bulging ________________________ of the
cranium
2) Form ________________________l sutures: lambdoidal
suture
c. Temporal bones (Figure 8-8, B)
1) Form the ________________________ sides of the
cranium and part of the cranial floor
2) Contain the inner and middle ________________________
3) Mastoiditis – inflammation of a sinus with in the temporal
________________________
d. Occipital bone (Figure 8-8, D)
1) Forms the lower, ________________________part of the
skull
2) Forms ________________________ joints with three other
cranial bones and a ________________________ joint
with the first cervical vertebra
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3) Form immovable joints with ________________________
other cranial bones
4) Forms one moveable________________________
e. Sphenoid bone (Figure 8-8, E)
1) A ________________________ – shaped bones located in
the central portion of the cranial floor.
2) ________________________ of the cranium
3) Contains the sphenoid ________________________
f. Ethmoid bone (Figure 8-8, F)
1) A complicated, ________________________ bone that lies
anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to
the________________________bones
2) If damaged, infectious materials can pass form the nose to
the ________________________
2. Facial bones (Table 8-4)
a. Maxilla (upper jaw) Figure 8-8, H
1) ________________________ maxillae form the keystone
of the face (upper ________________________)
2) Maxillae articulate with each other and with
________________________, zygomatic, inferior concha,
and palatine ________________________
3) Forms parts of the orbital ________________________,
roof of the ________________________, and floor and
sidewalls of the ________________________
4) Contains maxillary sinuses (paranasal sinuses)
b. Mandible (lowerjaw) Figure 8-8, M
1) ________________________, strongest bone of
the________________________
2) Forms the only movable joint of the
________________________with the temporal
________________________
3) Lower________________________
c. Zygomatic bone (Figure 8-8, I) (malar)
1) Shapes the ________________________ and forms the
outer margin of the orbit
2) Forms the zygomatic arch with the zygomatic process of
the temporal________________________
d. Nasal bone (Figure 8-8, L)
1) Both nasal bones form the upper part of the bridge of the
nose, whereas cartilage forms the lower part
2) Articulates with the ethmoid, nasal septum, frontal,
maxillae, and the other nasal bone
e. Lacrimal bone (Figure 8-8, K)
1) Paper – thin ________________________ that lies just
posterior and lateral to each nasal bone
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2) Forms the nasal ________________________ and medial
wall of the orbit
3) Contains groove for the nasolacrimal
(________________________) duct
4) Articulates with maxilla, ________________________,
and ethmoid bones
f. Palatine bone (Figure 8-8, J)
1) Two bones form the posterior part of the
________________________ palate
2) Vertical portion forms the lateral wall of the posterior part
of each ________________________ cavity
3) Artiuclates with the maxillae and the sphenoid bone
g. Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)
1) Form lower ________________________ projecting into
the nasal cavity and form
the________________________meati
2) Articulate with ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary, and palatine
bones
h. Vomer bone (Figure 8-8, G)
1) Forms posterior portion of the
________________________ septum
2) Articulates with the sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, and
maxillae
B. Hyoid bone (Figure 8-12)
1. U-shaped bone located just above the ________________________ and
below the maxillae
2. ________________________ from the styloid processes of the temporal
bone
3. Only bone in the body that artic8lates with no other
________________________
C. Vertebral column (figure 8-13)
1. Forms the________________________longitudinal axis of the
________________________
2. Consists of ________________________ vertebrae plus the sacrum and
coccyx
3. Segments of the vertebral column: (superior
to________________________- upper to ________________________)
a. Cervical vertebrae, 7 (skeletal framework of
the________________________
b. Thoracic vertebrae, 12
c. Lumbar vertebrae, 5
d. Sacrum – in the adult, results from the fusion of five separate
________________________
e. Coccyx – in the adult, results from the fusion of four or five
________________________ vertebrae
4. Characteristics of the vertebrae (Figures 8-14; Table 8-6)
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a. All vertebrae, except the first, have a flat,
________________________body anteriorly and centrally, a
spinous process posteriorly and
________________________transverse processes laterally
b. All but the sacrum and coccyx have a
vertebra________________________
c. Second cerival vertebrae has an upward projection, the dens to
allow rotation of the ________________________
d. Seventh cerical vertebra has a long blunt spinous process
e. Each thoracic vertebra has articulated facets for the
________________________
5. Vertebral column as a whole articulated with the head, ribs, and iliac
________________________
6. Individual vertebrae articulate with each other in
________________________ between their bodies and between their
articular ________________________
D. Sternum (Figure 8-15)
1. Dagger – shaped bone in the middle of the anterior
________________________ wall made up of three parts
a. Manubrium – the upper handle part (most superior part
b. Body – Middle blade ________________________
c. Xiphoid process – blunt cartilaninous lower tip which ossifies
during adult ________________________
2. Manubrium articulates with the clavicle and
first________________________
3. Next nine ribs join the body of the sternum either directly or indirectly by
means of the costal ________________________
E. Ribs (figure 8-15 and 8-16) – Thoracic cage
1. ________________________ pairs of ribs, with the vertebral columns and
sternum, form the________________________
2. Ribs 2 through ________________________ articulate with the body of
the vertebra above
3. From its vertebral attachment, each ________________________curves
outward, then forward and ________________________
4. Rib attachment to the sternum:
a. Ribs 1 through ________________________join a costal
cartilage that attaches it to the sternum
(________________________ ribs))
b. Costal cartilage of ribs 8 through ________________________
joins the cartilage of the ___________________ above to be
indirectly attached to the sternum
c. Ribs 11 and 12 are ___________________ ribs, since they do
not attach even indirectly to the sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
A. Upper extremity (Table 8-7)
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1. Consists of the ___________________ of the shoulder girdle, upper arm,
lower arm, wrist, and ___________________
2. ___________________ girdle (figure 8-17)
a. Made up of the scapula and clavicle
b. Clavicle forms the only bony joint with the trunk, the
sternoclaviclar ___________________
c. At its distal end, the clavicle articulates with the acromion
___________________of the scapula
3. Humerus (Figures 8-18) and 8-19)
a. the long bone of the upper ___________________
4. Ulna
a. The long bone found on the little finger side of
the___________________
b. Articulates proximally with the humerus and radius and distally
with a fibrocartilaginous ___________________
5. Radius
a. The ___________________ bone found on the thumb side of the
forearm
b. Articulates proximally with the capitulum of the humerus and the
radial notch of the ulna; articulates distally with the scaphoid and
lunate carpals and with the ___________________of the ulna
6. Carpal bone (Figure 8-20)
a. Eight___________________bones that form the wrist
b. Carpals are bound closely and firmly by ligaments and
form___________________rows of four carpals each
1) Proximal row is made up of the pisiform, triquetrum,
lunate, and scaphoid
2) ___________________row is made up of the hamate,
capitate, trapezoids, and trapezium
5. Metacarpal bones
a. Form the framework of the ___________________
b. The thumb metacarpal forms the most
freely___________________joint with the carpals (Makes us
different from other animals)
c. ___________________ of the metacarpals (the knuckles)
articulate with the phalanges
B. Lower extremity
1. Consists of the bones of the ___________________, thigh, lower leg,
ankle, and ___________________ (Table 8-8)
2. Pelvic girdle is made up of the sacrum and
the___________________coxal bones bound tightly by strong ligaments
(figure 8-21)
a. A ___________________ circular base that supports the trunk
and attaches the lower extremities to it
b. Each coxal bone is made up of___________________ bones that
fuse together (figure 8-22)
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1) Ilium – largest and ___________________
2) Ischium – strongest and ___________________
3) Pubis - ___________________
Femur – ___________________ and heaviest bone in the body (figure 823)
Patella – largest sesamoid bone in the body (___________________)
Tibia
a. The ___________________, stronger, and more medially and
superficially located of the___________________leg bones
b. Articulates proximally with the ___________________ to form
the ___________________ joint
c. Articulates ___________________ with the fibula and talus
Fibula
a. The ___________________, more laterally and deeply placed of
the ___________________ leg bones
b. Articulates with the tibia
Foot (Figures 8-24 and 8-25)
a. Structure is similar to that of the hand with
___________________ for supporting weight
b. ___________________ bones are held together to form spring
arches
Skeletal Differences in Men and Women
A. Male___________________is larger and heavier than female skeleton
B. Pelvic differences (figure 8026; table 8-9)
1. Male pelvis –
a. ___________________and funnel shaped with a narrow pubic
arch
b. Less than ___________________angle
c. Males is more ___________________ than female
2. Female pelvis –
a. shallow, broad, and flaring with a ___________________ pubic
arch
b. During ___________________, the baby passes through an
imaginary plane called the pelvic outlet
c. Iliac ___________________is more flared in females than in
___________________
Cycle of Life: Skeletal System
A. Changes in the skeletal ___________________ result from changes in bone,
cartilage, and muscle tissue
B. Older adults
1. Loss of bone density
a. prone to ___________________
2. Loss of skeletal tissue density
a. Compression of weight – bearing bones
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1) Loss of___________________
2) Postural ___________________
3) Abnormal ___________________ Curvatures
a) Kyphosis – a ___________________ back
appearance
b) Scholiosis is a lateral ___________________ of the
spine
c) Loss of ___________________ – called false
motion
d) ___________________
e) Deformity
3. Degenerative of skeletal muscle tissue
a. Loss of ___________________
b. Postural ___________________
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