Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Evidence of common descent wikipedia , lookup
Theistic evolution wikipedia , lookup
Evolving digital ecological networks wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Saltation (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Paleontology wikipedia , lookup
Evolution Regents Review Name: 1. Date: According to modern evolutionary theory, genes responsible for new traits that help a species survive in a particular environment will usually A. not change in frequency B. decrease gradually in frequency C. decrease rapidly in frequency 3. D. increase in frequency Which concept is not a part of the theory of evolution? A. Present-day species developed from earlier species. B. Some species die out when environmental changes occur. C. Complex organisms develop from simple organisms over time. D. Change occurs according to the needs of an individual organism to survive. 2. Which statement about the rates of evolution for di erent species is in agreement with the theory of evolution? A. They are identical, since the species live on the same planet. B. They are identical, since each species is at risk of becoming extinct. C. They are di erent, since each species has di erent adaptations that function within a changing environment. 4. The rst life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely A. complex single-celled organisms B. complex multicellular organisms C. simple single-celled organisms D. simple multicellular organisms D. They are di erent, since each species has access to unlimited resources within its environment. page 1 5. The diagram illustrates a proposed evolutionary path of certain organisms, based on the theory of evolution. 7. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. A The diversity of multicellular organisms increases. B Simple, single-celled organisms appear. C Multicellular organisms begin to evolve. According to most scientists, which sequence best represents the order of biological evolution on Earth? A. A! B! C B. B ! C! A C. B! A! C D. C ! A ! B Which statement could best be inferred from the information in this diagram? A. Evolution does not involve gradual change. B. Evolutionary changes can result in extinction. C. Evolution begins with plants. D. Evolution produces organisms that all ll the same niche. 8. 6. Which statement represents the major concept of the biological theory of evolution? A. A new species moves into a habitat when another species becomes extinct. B. Every period of time in Earth's history has its own group of organisms. C. Present-day organisms on Earth developed from earlier, distinctly di erent organisms. The theory of biological evolution includes the concept that A. species of organisms found on Earth today have adaptations not always found in earlier species B. fossils are the remains of present-day species and were all formed at the same time C. individuals may acquire physical characteristics after birth and pass these acquired characteristics on to their o spring D. the smallest organisms are always eliminated by the larger organisms within the ecosystem D. Every location on Earth's surface has its own unique group of organisms. page 2 Evolution Regents Review 9. Ten breeding pairs of rabbits are introduced onto an island with no natural predators and a good supply of water and food. What will most likely happen to the rabbit population? A. It will remain relatively constant due to equal birth and death rates. B. It will die out due to an increase in the mutation rate. C. It will increase until it exceeds carrying capacity. 11. The fossil record of ancient life forms provides scienti c evidence of A. direct harvesting B. selective breeding C. gene manipulation D. evolutionary changes D. It will decrease and then increase inde nitely. 12. 10. Characteristics that are acquired during life are passed to o spring by sexual reproduction. B. Evolution is the result of mutations and recombination, only. C. Organisms best adapted to a changed environment are more likely to reproduce and pass their genes to o spring. A. investigation of environmental niches B. study of fossil records C. comparison of the number of cells in organisms D. analysis of food chains and food webs Which statement is most closely related to the modern theory of evolution? A. Evidence that best supports the theory of biological evolution was obtained from the 13. D. Asexual reproduction increases the survival of species. In 2007, scientists broke open a fossil of a dinosaur bone and found some preserved tissues. Analysis showed that some proteins in these tissues are very similar to proteins found in modern chickens. The conclusion that these dinosaurs are related to modern chickens is based on A. molecular similarities B. natural selection C. similarities in behavior D. the occurrence of mutations page 3 Evolution Regents Review 14. According to the theory of natural selection, why are some individuals more likely than others to survive and reproduce? A. 16. Some individuals pass on to their o spring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes. B. Some individuals are better adapted to exist in their environment than others are. C. Some individuals do not pass on to their o spring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes. A. reproduction of organisms by an asexual method in an unchanging environment B. reproduction of a species having a very low mutation rate in a changing environment C. reproduction of organisms in an unchanging environment with little competition and few predators D. reproduction of organisms exhibiting genetic di erences due to mutations and genetic recombinations in a changing environment D. Some individuals tend to produce fewer o spring than others in the same environment. 17. 15. Which situation would most likely result in the highest rate of natural selection? The diversity within the wild bird species in the accompanying diagram can best be explained by which process? Base your answer to the following question on one of the cartoons, which refer to certain concepts of natural selection, and on your knowledge of biology. Choose one cartoon and write its number in the space below. Identify one concept represented in that cartoon, and explain how this concept supports the theory of natural selection. Your answer must: A. natural selection B. asexual reproduction C. ecological succession identify one concept represented in the cartoon you choose brie y explain the concept you identi ed explain the relationship between this concept and the process of natural selection D. mitotic cell division Cartoon Number: page 4 Evolution Regents Review 18. In an area in Africa, temporary pools form where rivers ow during the rainy months. Some sh have developed the ability to use their ventral ns as “feet” to travel on land from one of these temporary pools to another. Other sh in these pools die when the pools dry up. What can be expected to happen in this area after many years? A. The sh using ventral ns as “feet” will be present in increasing numbers. B. “Feet” in the form of ventral ns will develop on all sh. C. The sh using ventral develop real feet. 20. Woolly mammoths became extinct thousands of years ago, while other species of mammals that existed at that time still exist today. These other species of mammals most likely exist today because, unlike the mammoths, they A. produced o spring that all had identical inheritable characteristics B. did not face a struggle for survival C. learned to migrate to new environments D. had certain inheritable traits that enabled them to survive ns as “feet” will D. All of the varieties of sh will survive and produce many o spring. 21. 19. Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scienti c explanation for each of the following except The diagram below represents four di erent species of wild birds. Each species has feet with di erent structural adaptations. The development of these adaptations can best be explained by the concept of A. the fossil record B. protein and DNA similarities between di erent organisms A. inheritance of resistance to diseases that a ect all these species C. similar structures among di erent organisms B. inheritance of characteristics acquired after the birds hatched from the egg C. natural selection D. a stable physical environment D. selective breeding page 5 Evolution Regents Review 22. The graph below shows the growth of a population of bacteria over a period of 80 hours. 23. The diagram below shows the e ect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insects over three generations. Which concept is represented in the diagram? Which statement best describes section II of the graph? A. The population has reached the carrying capacity of the environment. B. The rate of reproduction is slower than in section I. C. The population is greater than the carrying capacity of the environment. A. survival of the ttest B. dynamic equilibrium C. succession D. extinction 24. D. The rate of reproduction exceeds the death rate. The females of certain species of turtles will sneak into a nest of alligator eggs to lay their own eggs and then leave, never to return. When the baby turtles hatch, they automatically hide from the mother alligator guarding the nest and go to the nearest body of water when it is safe to do so. Which statement best explains the behavior of these baby turtles? A. More of the turtles' ancestors who acted in this way survived to reproduce, passing this behavioral trait to their o spring. B. The baby turtles are genetically identical, so they behave the same way. C. Turtles are not capable of evolving, so they repeat the same behaviors generation after generation. D. The baby turtles' ancestors who learned to behave this way taught the behaviors to their o spring page 6 Evolution Regents Review 25. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below that shows variations in the beaks of nches in the Galapagos Islands and on your knowledge of biology. 26. Base your answer(s) to question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram shows the heads of four di erent species of Galapagos Islands nches. The four di erent types of beaks shown are most likely the result of A. gene manipulation B. natural selection C. unchanging environmental conditions D. patterns of behavior learned from parents The diversity of species seen on the Galapagos Islands is mostly due to A. gene manipulation by scientists B. gene changes resulting from mitotic cell division C. natural selection D. selective breeding page 7 Evolution Regents Review 27. The characteristics of four nches that inhabit the same island are represented in the chart below. 28. Which characteristic is necessary for natural selection to occur in a species? A. stability B. variation C. complex cellular organization D. a very low mutation rate Complete the table below using information in the characteristics chart and your knowledge of biology. Competes With the Large Tree Finch no Type of Finch State one reason why it competes or does not compete with the large tree nch. 29. yes The table below shows adaptations in two organisms. Enviromental Adaptations Organism Enviroment hot and dry comes out of burrow only at night Arctic Poppy plant cold and windy grows low to ground next to rocks desert rat Adaptation The presence of these adaptations is most likely the result of A. reproductive technology B. natural selection C. asexual reproduction D. human interference page 8 Evolution Regents Review Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the data table below, which shows the estimated population of wolves in Minnesota from 1995 through 2002. Minnesota Wolf Population Year Estimated Population 1995 2000 1997 2300 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2200 2450 2500 2600 2600 2600 page 9 Evolution Regents Review 30. Wolves prey on animals such as deer. Identify one adaptation of deer that would help them to survive in an area populated by wolves. 31. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and photographs below and on your knowledge of biology. 33. In addition to their use for hearing, ears contain many blood vessels that allow heat to escape into the air. Animals that live in warm climates tend to have ears with large areas exposed to the environment. Animals in cold climates have a more compact ear that keeps exposure to the environment to a minimum. The photographs below show a jackrabbit from desert regions of the southwestern United States and a fennec fox from northern Africa with large ears, and a snowshoe hare and an arctic fox with small ears. Jackrabbit Fennec Fox Snowshoe Hare Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram shows an interpretation of relationships based on evolutionary theory. The letters represent di erent species. Explain why species B and C are more closely related than species A and C are. Arctic Fox Discuss how di erences in ear size in these organisms might have occurred. 34. Explain how the size of these animals' ears can help the animals survive in their environment. The diagram indicates that a common ancestor for species C and E is species A. 32. F B. G C. H D. K Identify or describe one tool used in “The Beaks of Finches” lab, and explain why the special features of this beak represented either an advantage or a disadvantage in the competition. page 10 Evolution Regents Review 35. The accompanying diagrams show the bones in the forelimbs of three di erent organisms. 36. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram, which represents the relationships between animals in a possible canine family tree, and on your knowledge of biology. Di erences in the bone arrangements support the hypothesis that these organisms A. are members of the same species B. may have descended from the same ancestor C. have adaptations to survive in di erent environments D. all contain the same genetic information According to the diagram, which group of organisms has the most closely related members? A. cats, weasels, and wolves B. bears, raccoons, and hyena dogs C. jackals, foxes, and domestic dogs D. African hunting dogs, hyena dogs, and domestic dogs page 11 Evolution Regents Review 37. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. 38. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Based on their analysis of the di erences in amino acid sequences of one kind of protein, scientists prepared the evolutionary tree shown below. The similarities of the bones labeled A provide evidence that According to this diagram, the DNA of which pair of organisms would show the greatest similarity? A. penguin and turtle B. horse and donkey C. snake and tuna D. turtle and rabbit A. the organisms may have evolved from a common ancestor B. all species have one kind of bone structure C. the cells of the bones contain the same type of mutations D. all structural characteristics are the same in animals page 12 Evolution Regents Review 39. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. 40. Cytochrome c is an enzyme located in the mitochondria of many types of cells. The number of di erences in the amino acid sequences of Cytochrome c from di erent species are compared to human Cytochrome c in the data table below. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. A series of investigations was performed on four di erent plant species. The results of these investigations are recorded in the data table below. Characteristics of Four Plant Species Plant Species Seeds Leaves Di erences in Amino Acid Sequences A round/small needle-like B long/pointed needle-like circular bundles chlorophyll a and c Organism Number of Di erences in Cytochrome c Compared to Humans C round/small needle-like scattered bundles chlorophyll a and b D round/small needle-like scattered bundles chlorophyll b tuna 48 dog 11 moth Plant species 31 horse 12 monkey 1 chicken scattered bundles Type of Chlorophyll Present chlorophyll a and b Based on these data, which two plant species appear to be most closely related? Support your answer. 21 mold Pattern of VascularBundles (structures in stem) and 13 Of the organisms listed below, which one has a DNA code for Cytochrome c that is most similar to that of a human? A. tuna B. chicken C. moth D. dog page 13 Evolution Regents Review 41. Thousands of years ago, a large ock of hawks was driven from its normal migratory route by a severe storm. The birds scattered and found shelter on two distant islands, as shown on the map below. The eviornment of island A is very similar to the hawk's original nesting region. The enviornment of island B is very di erent from that of island A. The hawks have survived on these islands to the present day with no migration between the populations. 42. The accompanying diagram illustrates the change that occurred in the physical appearance of a rabbit population over a 10-year period. Which condition would explain this change over time? The hawks that landed on island B have evolved more that those on island A B. The hawks that landed on island A have evolved more that those on island B C. The populations on island A and B have undergone identical mutations. a decrease in the mutation rate of the rabbits with black fur B. a decrease in the advantage of having white fur C. an increase in the advantage of having white fur D. an increase in the chromosome number of the rabbits with black fur Which statement most accurately predicts the present-day condition of these island hawk populations? A. A. 43. D. The hawks on island A have given rise to many new species. A new chemical was discovered and introduced into a culture containing one species of bacteria. Within a day, most of the bacteria were dead, but a few remained alive. Which statement best explains why some of the bacteria survived? A. They had a genetic variation that gave them resistance to the chemical. B. They were exposed to the chemical long enough to develop a resistance to it. C. They mutated and became a di erent species after exposure to the chemical. D. They absorbed the chemical and broke it down in their digestive systems. page 14 Evolution Regents Review 44. In some land plants, guard cells are found only on the lower surfaces of the leaves. In some water plants, guard cells are found only on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Explain how guard cells in both land and water plants help maintain homeostasis. In your answer be sure to: 46. Bird W identify one function regulated by the guard cells in leaves explain how guard cells carry out this function give one possible evolutionary advantage of the position of the guard cells on the leaves of land plants 45. The dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify birds W, X, Y, and Z. Bird X Bird Y Bird Z Bird X is most likely A. Certhidea B. C. Camarhynchus D. Platyspiza Geospiza Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Scientists found members of a plant species they did not recognize. They wanted to determine if the unknown species was related to one or more of four known species, A, B, C, and D. The relationship between species can be determined most accurately by comparing the results of gel electrophoresis of the DNA from di erent species. The chart below represents the results of gel electrophoresis of the DNA from the unknown plant species and the four known species. 47. Variation in the o spring of sexually reproducing organisms is the direct result of A. sorting and recombining of genes B. replication and cloning C. the need to adapt and maintain homeostasis D. overproduction of o spring and competition The unknown species is most closely related to which of the four known species? Support your answer. page 15 Evolution Regents Review 48. The accompanying diagram represents a woolly mammoth, a relative of the modern elephant. Woolly mammoths lived during the Ice Age and eventually became extinct. 49. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. The dodo bird inhabited the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, where it lived undisturbed for years. It lost its ability to y and it lived and nested on the ground where it ate fruits that had fallen from trees. There were no mammals living on the island. In 1505, the rst humans set foot on Mauritius. The island quickly became a stopover for ships engaged in the spice trade. The dodo was a welcome source of fresh meat for the sailors and large numbers of dodos were killed for food. In time, pigs, monkeys, and rats brought to the island ate the dodo eggs in the ground nests. State one possible reason this species died out. Which statement describes what most likely happened to the dodo bird within 100 years of the arrival of humans on Mauritius? A. Dodo birds developed the ability to y in order to escape predation and their population increased. B. The dodo bird population increased after the birds learned to build their nests in trees. C. Human exploitation and introduced species signi cantly reduced dodo bird populations. D. The dodo bird population became smaller because they preyed upon the introduced species. page 16 Evolution Regents Review 50. Information related to the organisms found on Earth during various geological time periods is represented in the accompanying chart. Which statement concerning the rst appearance of the organisms over the time period represented in this chart is most likely correct? A. Life on Earth has remained the same. B. Life on Earth has changed from primitive organisms to more complex organisms. C. Life on Earth began with complex organisms and changed to more complex organisms. D. Life on Earth has changed rapidly. page 17 Evolution Regents Review Problem-Attic format version 4.4.266 c 2011–2015 EducAide Software _ Licensed for use by Brooke Kneller Terms of Use at www.problem-attic.com Evolution Regents Review 06/01/2016 17. Answer: 1. Answer: D 2. Answer: C 3. Answer: D 4. Answer: C 5. Answer: B 6. Answer: C 7. Answer: B 8. Answer: 18. Answer: A A 9. Answer: 19. Answer: D C 10. Answer: 20. Answer: D C 11. Answer: 21. Answer: C D 12. Answer: 22. Answer: D B 13. Answer: 23. Answer: A A 14. Answer: 24. Answer: A B 15. Answer: 25. Answer: C A 16. Answer: 26. Answer: B D 27. Answer: Cartoon 1 The concept is overproduction. More organisms are produced than can survive. The organisms that are best adapted will survive. Cartoon 2 The concept is struggle for survival (or survival of the ttest.) Those organisms best adapted will survive. Those that survive will pass these traits on to their o spring. Competes With the Large Tree Finch no Type of Finch large/small ground nch or warbler nch The large tree nch eats mainly animal food, while the large/small ground nch eats mainly plant food. or The warbler nch may eat di erent animals. yes warbler nch They both eat animal food. 28. Answer: B 29. Answer: B State one reason why it competes or does not compete with the large tree nch. Teacher's Key 30. Answer: 37. Answer: B – speed 38. Answer: A – hooves for protection/defense 39. Answer: D – well-developed senses 40. Answer: A and C—most characteristics in common Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: – antlers – fur color similar to surroundings 31. Answer: Large ears can help an animal remove excess heat in a warm environment, which helps the animal maintain a stable internal temperature. The small ears in the arctic fox help minimize heat loss in its cold environment. The large ears in the jackrabbit let excess heat escape, helping it stay cool. Large ears would allow animals to hear predators. 32. Answer: OR A and C—same type of chlorophyll present 41. Answer: A 42. Answer: B 43. Answer: A 44. Answer: gas exchange, respiration, or photosynthesis Guard cells change shape. OR Guard cells change the size of the leaf openings. prevents excess evaporation of water on sunny days OR prevents the entrance of some pollutants Tool: Forceps Advantage or disadvantage: Advantage Explanation: picked up enough small seeds so a nch on an island with lots of small seeds could survive Tool: Forceps/Tweezers Advantage or disadvantage: Disadvantage Explanation: didn't pick up enough seeds to survive Tool: Large hair clip Advantage or disadvantage: Disadvantage Explanation: didn't pick up any seeds Tool: Tool for holding test tubes Advantage or disadvantage: Advantage Explanation: picked up really big seeds so it got enough food to survive 33. Answer: Page 2 45. Answer: It is most closely related to species C. The bands from the DNA of species C are the closest match to those of the unknown species. 46. Answer: D 47. Answer: A 48. Answer: Species B and C have a common ancestor (F) that is more recent than the common ancestor (H) of species A and C. The environment changed and the woolly mammoth could no longer adapt. or The number of herbivores increased 10,000 years ago and there was more competition for food. or increase in predators or overhunting by humans 34. Answer: D 35. Answer: 49. Answer: C C 36. Answer: 50. Answer: B C