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Animal Basics, Invertebrates, and Vertebrates Part 1: Animal Basics Characteristics Shared by All Animals • Multicellular with specialized cells • Eukaryotic cells with no cell wall or chloroplasts • Heterotrophs by ingestion (digest food inside their bodies) • Bodies are made of diploid cells (gametes are the only haploid cells) • Glucose stored as glycogen (a polysaccharide only found in animals) • Most are mobile at some point in their life cycle Early Development • Diploid zygote (formed by fertilization of egg by sperm) divides by mitosis several times to form a blastula (a hollow ball of cells) • Gastrulation = one side of ball folds in ; this creates a new shape called the gastrula and forms the early tissue layers (germ layers) • Diploblastic organisms have two germ layers and Triploblastic organisms have three germ layers Germ Layers in Triploblastic Organisms • Endoderm- forms lining of digestive tract, digestive (LIVER, PANCREAS) & respiratory organs (LUNGS) • Mesoderm- forms muscle, skeletal, circulatory, excretory, reproductive systems • Ectoderm- forms outer covering ( epidermis) brain, central nervous system Patterns of Development (during and after gastrulation) in Certain Animal Groups Protostomes Deuterostomes Spiral Cleavage = when mitosis occurs to create new cells, the cells appear to twist Radial Cleavage = when mitosis occurs to create new cells, the cells appear to stack on top of each other Determinate Cleavage = the “fate” (intended function) of each cell is decided / determined early (If you were to remove one cell, it could not develop into a full embryo) Indeterminate Cleavage = each cell created during early cleavage has an undetermined fate and could develop into a full embryo if removed Hole/fold (blastopore) created during gastrulation becomes the mouth of the organism Hole/fold (blastopore) created during gastrulation becomes the anus of the organism Examples: All triploblastic organisms Examples: Echinodorms and except echinoderms and chordates chordates Body Cavity • A fluid-filled space to separate the digestive tract from the body wall. • Provides cushioning • A true coelem (eucoelom) is fully lined along the body wall and digestive tract with mesoderm tissue • For three variations on body cavities (see next slide) Three Variations on Body Cavities Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate No cavity between body wall and digestive tract ; complete filled with mesoderm tissue Example: Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Cavity present but mesoderm lines only the body wall (not the digestive tract) Cavity present and mesoderm lines the body wall and digestive tract Example: Roundworms (Nematodes) Example: Segmented Worms (Annelids) and all other triploblasts Body Symmetry Asymmetry Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Cannot cut down any line/plane and see identical pieces on each side Can cut down SEVERAL planes and see identical pieces on each side Can cut down ONE plane and see identical pieces on each side Example: Porifera Example: Most animals (includes vertebrates, arthropods, etc.) Example: Cnidarians (ex: jellyfish) and mature Echinoderms (ex: starfish) Cephalization • Concentration of sensory organs / neurons and the “brain” (if present) in the anterior (front) region of the body • Allows for: directed movement, quick sensing of stimuli and response • Found in bilaterally-symmetric organisms Part 2: The Nine Animal Phyla (mostly invertebrates) Creating Your Animal Phyla Chart • Create a column for each of the basic animal traits: Germ Layers, Coelom, Pattern of Development, Symmetry, Cephalization • Create a column for major body structures (this should be large) • Create a column for example organisms Porifera: Basic Traits Germ Layers None Coelom Acoelomate Development N/A Symmetry Asymmetrical Cephalization No Porifera: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism -Specialized cells with flagella called “choanocytes” Sponge filter water to feed on tiny organisms -Specilazed cells called amoebocytes digest the tiny organisms -Water exits sponge through an opening called the “osculum” -Sponge wall contains skeletal needles made of calcium carbonate for protection Cnidaria: Basic Traits Germ Layers Diploblast Coelom Acoelomate Development N/A Symmetry Radial Cephalization No Cnidaria: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism -Two body forms at different points in the life cycle Jelly fish (medusa = free floating, umbrella-shaped with Hydra tentacles pointing down ; polyp = non-moving, attached to ground, tentacles point up) -Stinging cells called nematocysts found on tentacles Platyhelminthes: Basic Traits Germ Layers Triploblast Coelom Acoelomate Development Protostome Symmetry Bilateral Cephalization Yes Platyhelminthes: Specifics Major Body Structures -Only one opening to digestive tract (serves as mouth AND anus, yuck!) or none (if a parasite, they just absorb pre-digested food around them) -Open circulation of fluids -Planaria are cephalized with ganglia (a concentration of nerve cells) and eyespots in the front of the body Example Organism Tapeworms Flukes Planaria (Flatworms) Nematoda: Basic Traits Germ Layers Triploblast Coelom Development Pseudocoelomate Protostome Symmetry Bilateral Cephalization Yes Nematoda: Specifics Major Body Structures -Complete digestive tract with two openings (mouth and anus) -mostly free-living in the soil and act as decomposers ; some parasites Example Organism Hookworms Pinworms (Roundworms) Annelida: Basic Traits Germ Layers Triploblast Coelom Eucoelomate Development Protostome Symmetry Bilateral Cephalization Yes Annelida: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism -Body is segmented Earthworms -Mostly hermaphrodites with a body segment called the Leeches “clitellum” containing sperm and eggs ; typically do not (Segmented Worms) fertilize themselves -Five hearts and closed circulatory system (blood contained in vessels Mollusca: Basic Traits Germ Layers Triploblast Coelom Eucoelomate Development Protostome Symmetry Bilateral Cephalization Yes Mollusca: Specifics Major Body Structures -Most (with the exception of the cephalopods) have a distinct shell -3 main body parts: •Foot – muscle for locomotion •Mantle – secretes shell •Visceral Mass – contains internal organs -Most have an open circulatory system with fluid (hemolymph) pumped from heart into body cavity -Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system and Example Organism Gastropods (slugs, snails) Bivalves (clams) Cephalopods (octopi, squid) Arthropoda: Basic Traits Germ Layers Triploblast Coelom Eucoelomate Development Protostome Symmetry Bilateral Cephalization Yes Arthropoda: Specifics Major Body Structures -segmented bodies (ex: head, thorax, and abdomen of insects) -exoskeleton (external skeleton) made of chitin -jointed (bent) appendages (limbs) – ex: our arms would be considered jointed due to our elbows -open circulatory system Example Organism Crustaceans (crabs, scorpions, spiders) Insects Centipedes Millipedes Echinodermata: Basic Traits Germ Layers Triploblast Coelom Eucoelomate Development Deuterostome Symmetry Radial Cephalization No Echinodermata: Specifics Major Body Structures -Spiny skin with a “calcium-plate” endoskeleton -tube feet on the “ventral” (mouth) side use suction for locomotion -Have a complete digestive tract with mouth and anus at the center of their bodies Example Organism Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins Chordata: Basic Traits Germ Layers Triploblast Coelom Eucoelomate Development Deuterostome Symmetry Bilateral Cephalization Yes Chordata: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism 4 Main Features (some are only temporary) Fish, Amphibians, -notochord (becomes the backbone, used for Reptiles, Birds, support) Mammals -dorsal hollow nerve cord (becomes the spinal cord and brain) -pharyngeal gill slits (only retained in fish after embryonic development) -muscular tail (may be lost during development) Part 3: The Five Vertebrate Classes Creating Your Vertebrate Classes Chart • Create a column for each trait listed: gash exchange, heart, excreting waste, ecto vs. endoderm, and reproduction • Create a column for major body structures (this should be large) • Create a column for example organisms Fish: Basic Traits Gas Exchange Gills Heart Two chambers (one loop circulation) Excreting Waste Excrete nitrogen waste as highly toxic liquid ammonia Ecto vs. Endotherm Ectotherm Reproduction External fertilization (gametes meet in water outside the body) Fish: Specifics Unique Body Structures and Functions Example Organism -Scales and fins -Agnatha = jawless fish -Chondrichthyes = endoskeleton of cartilage -Osteichthyes = endoskeleton of bone -Agnatha = lampreys, hagfish -Chondrichthyes = sharks, skates, rays -Osteichthyes = tuna, swordfish, almost all fish you know! Amphibians: Basic Traits Gas Exchange Two Ways (diffusion through thin, moist skin and via lungs) Heart Three chambers (two-loop circulation) Excreting Ecto vs. Waste Endotherm Excrete Ectotherm nitrogen waste as less toxic urea Reproduction External fertilization ; lay eggs without shells Amphibians: Specifics Unique Body Structures and Functions -Aquatic larvae morphs into terrestrial adult -First tetrapods (four-limbed) organisms Example Organism -Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, Newts, Reptiles: Basic Traits Gas Heart Exchange Lungs only Three chambers (two-loop circulation) Excreting Waste Excrete nitrogen waste as thick, mildlytoxic uric acid (minimizes water loss) Ecto vs. Endotherm Ectotherm Reproduction Internal fertilization ; lay amniotic eggs (oviparous) with leathery shells Reptiles: Specifics Unique Body Structures and Functions -The first fully terrestrial vertebrate -Thick scaly skin Example Organism -Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles Aves (Birds): Basic Traits Gas Exchange Air sacs in lungs for more efficient gas exchange Heart Four chamber heart (twoloop circulation) Excreting Ecto vs. Waste Endotherm Excrete Endotherm nitrogen waste as uric acid Reproduction Internal Fertilization ; aminotic eggs with hard calcium shells Aves (Birds): Specifics Unique Body Structures and Functions -Hollow, light bones and wings for flight -Feathers for light-weight insulation and flight -Excrete uric acid through a common urogenital / digestive opening called the cloaca Example Organism Flamingos, sparrows, toucans, eagles Mammals: Basic Traits Gas Exchange Lungs Heart Four chambers (two-loop circulation) Excreting Ecto vs. Waste Endotherm Excrete Endotherm nitrogen waste as urea via urine AND sweat! Reproduction Internal fertilization Mammals: Specifics Unique Body Structures and Functions Example Organism -Excrete nitrogen waste as urea via urine AND sweat! -defining features of mammals: fur for insulation and milk to nourish young -Three types based on reproduction: •Placental mammals (offspring develop in uterus until more mature) •Monotremes (egg-laying mammals) •Marsupials (give birth to immature young that fully develop in mother’s external pouch) Placental – humans, bears, dogs Monotremes – platypi, echidnas Marsupials – kangaroos, koalas