Download Technology and Climate Change Programme (Climtech)

CLIMTECH
Technology and Climate Change
Programme (Climtech)
- Key Results
Ilkka Savolainen
Mikael Ohlström
Sanna Syri
Antti Lehtilä
 http://www.climtech.vtt.fi/
 http://www.tekes.fi/english/programm/climtech
Contents
CLIMTECH
1 Objective of the Climtech Programme
2 Reports produced in the Climtech Programme
3 Background material
3.1 Greenhouse gas emissions in World and in Finland
3.2 Climate Convention and Kyoto Protocol
3.3 General possibilities of climate change mitigation
3.4 Technical options to reduce ghg emissions
4 Results of the Climtech Programme by subject areas
5 Technology scenarios of reducing the Finnish ghg emissions
6 Technology potentials in reducing emissions
7 Effect of emission reduction on technology markets
8 Promotion of the commercialisation of technology
9 Conclusions from the Climtech Programme
Objective of the CLIMTECH Programme
CLIMTECH
• is to support mitigation of climate change, and
• attainment of the national climate change mitigation
objectives,
by contributing to technological choices, research,
development, commercialisation and implementation.
The time scale for the technologies studied is extended to
about 2030
1.1
CLIMTECH
Reports produced in the Climtech
Programme
(publication list separately)
 Results of the CLIMTECH Programme have been published in many
different forms because of the communicative role of the programme:
 project reports (mainly in Finnish with English abstracts, reports are
as pdf documents on Internet pages)
 result brochures of individual projects in Finnish and in English (pdf
documents on Internet pages)
 Final Report. Technology Programme Report 14/2002, 259 p.
(English articles of 10-15 p. from every project)
 Climate - Challenge for technology (in Finnish: Ilmasto - Haaste
teknologialle). Edited CLIMTECH book, where selected authors
write about their subject field
 Extended English summary of the CLIMTECH book (about 30
pages, completed in May 2003)
2.1
Backround material
CLIMTECH
5
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions
4
Industrial
countries
Pg C
3
2
Developing
countries
1
0
1900
Source: CDIAC, IEA
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
year
3.1.1
Greenhouse gas emissions in World and in Finland
CLIMTECH
Carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion per capita in 1990 and 2000
Tons/capita
20
1990
2000
15
10
5
0
Australia Belgium Finland Germany
USA
Japan
Spain
Canada Netherlands Russia Denmark Britain
Sweden
France
Turkey
Mexico
Brazil
China
Annex 1 World
India
EU-15
3.1.2
World’s greenhouse gas emissions
CLIMTECH
Emissions in
Average annual
1999 (Mt CO2eq)
growth (%)
1990-1999
Garbon dioxide1
Energy production
Industry and construction
Transport
Habitation, services, other
Subtotal
Other greenhouse gases 2
Industry3
Agriculture CH4 and N2O)
Waste management (only CH4)
Subtotal
9900
4300
5500
3800
24000
2.3
-1.0
2.3
-0.8
1.0
600
4600-10000
900
6100-12000
TOTAL
30000-35000
1
IEA 2001
2
Data from years 1990 (IPCC 2001)
3
CH4, N2O, HFC:s, PFC:s and SF6
3.1.3
Fuel-based CO2 emissions of Finland
CLIMTECH
60
Peat
60
CO2 emissions, Tg(CO2) a
-1
Natural gas
50
40
50
Coal fuels
Other oil
products
40
Transport fuels
30
30
Emissions from
power production
20
20
10
10
0
1900
0
1910 1920
1930
1940 1950
1960
1970 1980
1990
2000
3.1.4
Sectoral greenhouse gas emission in Finland in 2000
CLIMTECH
Waste 2%
Other 1%
Agriculture 10%
Industry and
solvents 4%
Energy sector in
total 83%
Centralised
energy 28%
Industrial
fuels 22%
Transport fuels 18%
Peat
production 5%
Heating and other
combustion 10%
3.1.5
Greenhouse gas emission by gases in Finland in 2000
CLIMTECH
N2O 10%
Fluorinated gases 1%
CH 4 5%
CO 2 others 5%
CO 2 from peat
production and
combustion 14%
CO 2 from use of
fossil fuels 65%
3.1.6
Climate Convention and Kyoto Protocol
CLIMTECH Climate Convention
United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Agreed 1992 in Rio de Janeiro
- the ultimate objective is to restrict the greenhouse gas concentrations in atmosphere to
non-dangerous level
Kyoto Protocol
Supplementary protocol agreed by parties of Climate Convention in Kyoto in 1997
- greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries must be reduced on average of 5 %
from 1990 level to period of 2008-12
- different emission commitments for different countries: EU –8 %, USA –7 %, Japan –6 %,
Australia +8 %, Iceland +10 %
- concerns following gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC:s, PFC:s and SF6
- carbon sinks are enclosed under strict reservations
- Kyoto mechanisms (emission trading (ET), joint implementation (JI), clean development
mechanism (CDM))
- is not enough for the ultimate objective of Climate Convention, “over 10 Kyotos” would be
needed
3.2
General possibilities to control climate change
CLIMTECH
Greenhouse gas emission reduction is contributed by
- change of economic structure so that proportion of relatively less
energy using sectors will grow
- more efficient and economical use of energy (changes connected to
energy use technologies and consumption habits)
- more efficient energy production, and growth of proportion of low and
non-emission energy sources
- decrease of industrial process emissions as well as emissions of other
sectors (e.g. agriculture, waste management, refrigeration appliances)
(In addition, the atmospheric CO2 concentration can be reduced by
storing atmospheric carbon to a carbon sink)
3.3
Technological alternatives to reduce ghg emissions
CLIMTECH
 Improvements of energy use efficiency
 Raising the efficiency of fuel use in energy production (e.g. CHP,
combined cycle processes)
 Renewable energy sources (biomass, industrial and municipal wastes,
wind, hydro etc.)
 Nuclear power
 CO2 capture and storage (e.g. in old oil and gas fields)
 Reduction of industrial process emissions
 Reduction of emissions from waste management and agriculture
 Reduction of emissions of fluorinated gases
Technology can offer win-win alternatives to control greenhouse
gas emissions.
3.4
Results of the Climtech Programme by
subject fields
CLIMTECH
Subject fields
• CLIMTECH projects (27) have been roughly divided to six subject
fields:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Renewable energy sources and distributed energy production (5)
Energy efficiency and industry (6)
Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (2)
Capture and utilisation of CO2 (2)
Models and systems (9)
Commercialisation (3)
• 8 companies and 7 research institutes carried out research work in the
CLIMTECH projects. Additionally, several companies participated in
financing and/or in executive group working of the research projects.
4.1
Renewable energy sources and distributed energy
production
CLIMTECH
Bioenergy supply will grow and diversify in Finland
Bioenergy, PJ
2010
2020
2030
Recycled fuel
250
Agrobiomass
Biocomponents
of transport
200
Pyrolysis oil
150
Waste wood and
forest chips
100
Small-scale use
of wood
50
Conventional
Kyoto
Conventional
Kyoto
2000
Conventional
1990
Kyoto
0
4.2.1
Renewable energy sources & distributed energy prod.
CLIMTECH
Export and employment can be increased and CO2 emission
reduced by public support of wind energy
4.2.2
Renewable energy sources and distributed energy
production
CLIMTECH
Solar Road Map:
- target of action plan is business activity of 150 M€ in 2010
- solar power and heat, 80 % export
Hydrogen technology survey:
- fuel cells are the most important area of new hydrogen technology
- e.g. hydrogen production from biomass, storing of hydrogen, on-boardstorages, and electrolysis facilities are critical external technologies
Distributed energy production:
- significant for both export and for Finland’s emission reduction
- biomass boilers, wind power, small-scale and mini hydro power, heat pumps,
solar energy
- the greatest potential for CHP is in size class of 1 - 10 MW, later also below
1 MW
4.2.3
Energy efficiency and industry
CLIMTECH
Energy consumption of household appliances in different scenarios.
The greatest saving potential is in lighting.
Electricity consumption of households by appliance group
GWh/year
3000
2500
In year 2000
Number of residences /2010
Business-as-usual /2010
Technically possible /2010
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Refrigeration Lighting Consumer Cooking
appliances
electronics
Washing
machines
HVACsystems
and car
heating
Sauna Miscellaneous
stove
4.3.1
Energy efficiency and industry
Fungal treatment
Biopulping
13-23 %
Main refining
Reject
refining
Enzyme-aided refining
Freeness
5 - 10 %
Enzyme
Main refining
Reject
refining
Specific energy consumption
Biotechnical methods in mechanical pulping will save electricity,
in Finland even 1.5 TWh/a in 2030.
Specific energy consumption
CLIMTECH
Freeness
(Freeness = beating rate of mechanical pulp)
4.3.2
Energy efficiency and industry
CLIMTECH
In ‘ICT in forest cluster’ project, effect of new technologies on
emissions were evaluated.
Technology matrix
Probability of
general break
through
 nanotubes
 wireless printing
 new computer
circuits
 portable fuel cells
Large
 identification chips
 organic light emitting
diode (OLED) display
 e-commerce
data mining
 Electronic ink and
paper
 print-on-demand
 collaborative
 mobile remote
control
business practices
Moderate/
debatable
Small
Increasing
Indifferent/
debatable
Reducing
Impact on GHGs in forest cluster
4.3.3
Energy efficiency and industry
CLIMTECH
Potential of Energy Service Companies (ESCO) in reducing emissions:
- investment potential of industrial ESCO-cases: 200 M€ (payback 2-6 years)
- energy savings: 340 GWh power and 1890 GWh heat
- carbon dioxide emission reduction potential: 0.3-0.4 Mill. tonnes
High-efficiency power plant technologies:
- higher steam values: USC (Ultra Super Critical) plants
- material development; water chemistry
- integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plants at demonstration phase
- co-production of fuels, chemicals, and energy
- gasification of biomass => methanol production for transportation fuel
- high temperature fuel cells and hybrid fuel cells within 10 years at size class
of 0.2-10 MW
- increasing power generation in the process industry (CHP) through new
optimisation and planning methods
Industrial ecology and ghg emission reductions:
- by connecting processes the material and energy flows can be controlled, and
savings gained
4.3.4
Non-CO2 greenhouse gases
CLIMTECH
Fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions are mostly refrigerant
leakages from refrigeration appliances.
Emissions of fluorinated gases
2,5
Emissions, Mt CO2-eq.
2,0
1,5
1,0
baseline scenario
HFCS
PFCS
SF6
refrigerants
propellants, blowing agents
insulating gases
protective gases
process gases
reduction scenario 2
reduction scenario 1
emissions
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
4.4.1
Non-CO2 greenhouse gases
CLIMTECH
Emissions from waste management can be reduced by recycling
and energy use of waste fuels.
200
1000 t CO 2 - eq /a
Landfill
100
Energy recovery
Plastic recycling
0
-100
Paper recycling
Recycling of metals
and glas
Total
-200
-300
Energy
Efficient
Massburing
+ energy
Utilisation
recovery as previous max, fibres
recovery of 28% power
of REF
methane
and PE plastic
substitutes
+ engine power
carbon by
gasification
4.4.2
Capture and utilisation of CO2
CLIMTECH
Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels can be captured, utilised and
disposed in order to reduce emissions.
N2
O2
Flue gas
Air
Power & heat
N2
H 2O Capture of CO
2
Air
Total costs
CO2
Hydrogen
Fuel
30 - 50 €/tCO2
Power & heat
CO2
Capture of carbon dioxide
CO2
compression
N2
Power & heat
Air
O2
Storage,utilisation
Oxygen separation
4.5
Models and systems
CLIMTECH
Climate change can also have a considerable impact on energy production
and heating energy demand. Results of picture are based on emission
scenarios A2 and B2 by IPCC, and on other projections.
Influence of climate change until 2030
Change, %
30
A2
20
B2
B2
10
A2
B2
A2
0
-10
-20
Biomass Peat production Wind power Hydro power Heating energy
demand
4.6.1
Models and systems
CLIMTECH
Renewable Energy Certificate System (RECS) helps to verify the
source of energy and can increase the demand for clean energy
production technologies.
- At the experimental stage
RECS certificates had
been granted an amount
corresponding production
of 14 TWh, where about 40
% was Finnish production.
The original target (1 TWh)
was exceeded 14-fold.
4.6.2
Models and systems
CLIMTECH
Other projects in this subject field:
- Development of energy system models for Finland in co-operation
with the IEA ETSAP programme
- Reducing carbon dioxide emissions of transport in Finland
- The impact of information technology and Internet economy on energy
economy, energy technologies and greenhouse gas emissions
- Carbon sink and other greenhouse gas impacts of wood products
- The impact of climate change mitigation on air pollutant emissions
- Local means of livelihood in mitigating climate change - the case of
Southeast Finland
(the results can be found from the Internet pages: www.climtech.vtt.fi)
4.6.3
Commercialisation
CLIMTECH
Through interactive learning the new technology can be
embedded to markets as co-operation of different actors.
Key actors in societal embedding
Societal actors
Producers
Users
4.7
Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg
emissions
CLIMTECH
Primary energy by source
2010
Primary energy, PJ
2020
2030
1600
Other
1400
Coal
Peat
1200
Oil products
Natural gas
1000
Black liquor
Wood fuels
800
Nuclear
600
Hydro & wind
Electric imports
400
Conventional
Kyoto
Convent ional
2000
Kyoto
1990
Conventional
0
Kyoto
200
5.1.1
Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg
emissions
CLIMTECH
Electricity supply
Electricity supply
2010
TWh
2020
2030
Imports
100
Other
District CHP
80
Industrial CHP
Gas condensi ng
60
Coal / peat
condensing
40
Wind
Hydro
20
Nuclear
Optim istic
Conventional
Kyo to
Optimistic
Kyo to
Conv entio nal
Optim istic
2000
Conventional
1990
Kyo to
BAU
0
5.1.2
Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg
emissions
CLIMTECH
Electricity consumption by sectors
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
BAU
Losses
100
Transport
Households
and agriculture
Electric
heating
60
Services and
construction
Other
industry
40
Chemical
industry
Metal
industry
20
Opt.
Conv.
Kyoto
Opt.
Conv.
Kyoto
Opt.
Conv.
2000
0
Kyoto
Wood industry
1990
Electricity, TWh
80
5.1.3
Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg
emissions
CLIMTECH
Primary energy sources of heating
1990
1999
2010
2020
2030
400
Electricity
Building stock
volume
300
District heat
Solar and
ground heat
250
Natural gas
200
Oil
150
Peat pellets
100
Bio-oil
50
Opt.
Conv.
Kyoto
Opt.
Conv.
Kyoto
Opt.
Conv.
1999
0
Kyoto
Solid biofuel
1990
Primary energy equivalent, PJ
350
5.1.4
Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg
emissions
CLIMTECH
Final energy consumption of transport
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
160
Electricity
140
Ethanol
120
Methanol
100
Natural gas
80
Jet fuel
60
Heavy fuel oil
40
Diesel
20
Opt.
Conv.
Kyoto
Opt.
Conv.
Kyoto
Opt.
Conv.
2000
0
Kyoto
Gasoline
1990
Final energy consumption, PJ
180
5.1.5
Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg
emissions
CLIMTECH
Greenhouse gas emissions by main sources
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
CO2,
transport
20
CO2, smallscale comb.
10
CO2, energy
prod. &industry
2000
0
Opt.
30
Conv.
CO2,
other sources
Kyoto
40
Opt.
Methane
Conv.
50
Kyoto
Nitrous oxide
Opt.
60
Conv.
HFC, PFC
& SF6
Kyoto
70
1990
Mill. tonnes CO2)
80
5.1.6
Greenhouse gas emissions by main category –
emission trading
CLIMTECH
year 2010
=> year 2030
10 €/tonCO2 => 30 €/tonCO2
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
80
Emission rights
70
HFC, PFC
& SF6
Nitrous oxide
50
Methane
40
CO2,
other sources
30
CO2,
transport
20
CO2, smallscale comb.
10
CO2, energy
prod. & industry
Opt.-ET
Conv.-ET
Kyoto
Opt.-ET
Conv.-ET
Kyoto
Opt.-ET
Conv.-ET
2000
0
Kyoto
Emission right
purchase
1990
Tg CO2 eq.
60
5.2
Opt.-30
Opt.-20ET
Opt.-20
Opt.-10
Conv.-30
2020
Conv.-20ET
Conv.-20
Conv.-10
Kyoto
Opt.-30
Opt.-20ET
Opt.-20
Opt.-10
Conv.-30
2010
Conv.-20ET
Conv.-20
Conv.-10
Kyoto
Opt.-30
Opt.-20ET
Opt.-20
Opt.-10
Conv.-30
Conv.-20ET
800
Conv.-20
1000
Conv.-10
Kyoto
Direct annual cost change, M€ (2000)
Direct costs of emission reduction compared to baseline
(emission trading only in 20ET-scenario)
CLIMTECH
Increase in annual costs compared to Baseline
2030
1200
Net annual permit
trade expense
Annual direct
costs
600
400
200
0
-200
5.3
Potentials of energy production technologies in
Finland’s emission reduction
CLIMTECH
Influence on
emissions
at issue
application
Significance
in 2010
Significance
in 2030
Burnable energy sources
Raising the efficiency in power production
max. -30 %
X
XX
Combined heat and power production
max. -35 %
XX
XX
-20 % – -95 %
XX
XXX
max. -60 %
0
X
Natural gas combined and engine technologies
-60 %
XXX
XX
FBC-technologies for biofuels and REF fuels
-95 %
XXX
XXX
max. –90%
0
X
Small hydro and wind power
-100 %
XX
XXX
Solar energy
-100 %
X
X
-100 %
XXXX
XXXX
Gasification of solid fuels
Fuel cells connected to grid
CO2 capture and disposal
Other renewable energy sources
Nuclear energy
Conventional and developed technologies
X = minor, XX = moderate, XXX = considerable, XXXX = great
6.1
Potentials of energy use technologies in Finland’s
emission reduction
CLIMTECH
Significance
Significance
in 2010
in 2030
Energy use in industry
XX
XXX
Fuel switch in processes
X
XX
New technologies and processes
X
XXX
XX
XXX
XX
XXX
Energy efficiency
Material substitution and reuse
Energy use in residences and services
Energy efficiency
Alternative energy source
-
bioenergy
X
XX
-
heat pumps
X
X
-
solar energy
X
XX
X
XXX
Transportation
X
XX
Behaviour
X
X
Energy use in transportation
Technologies
X = minor, XX = moderate, XXX = considerable, XXXX = great
6.2
Cost-efficiency of technologies
CLIMTECH
Year 2010
Technique
Conventional technology scenario
< 10
cost-efficiency, €/t(CO2)
10–20 20–30 30–100 > 100
Optimistic technology scenario
< 10
cost-efficiency, €/t(CO2)
10–20 20–30 30–100 > 100
Increasing biomass in fluidised bed combustion
Non-integrated biomass gasifiers
Integrated gasification of biomass
Pyrolysis oil in in-house boilers
Wind power, coast
Wind power, offshore/fell
Solar heating
Integrated solar power
In-house heat pumps
Households: lighting, entertainment electronics
Households: other appliances etc.
Entsyme-aided refining of mechanical pulp
Biopulping-refined mechanical pulp
Decomposition of N2O in nitric acid production
Capture of CO2 from blast furnace gas
Recovery of landfill gas
Fluorinated gases: reducing leakeges etc.
F-gases: substituting techniques & refrigerants
Considerable potential
Slight potential
6.3
Cost-efficiency of technologies
CLIMTECH
Year 2030
Technique
Conventional technology scenario
< 10
cost-efficiency, €/t(CO2)
10–20 20–30 30–100 > 100
Optimistic technology scenario
< 10
cost-efficiency, €/t(CO2)
10–20 20–30 30–100 > 100
Increasing biomass in fluidised bed combustion
Non-integrated biomass gasifiers
Integrated gasification of biomass
Pyrolysis oil in in-house boilers
Wind power, coast
Wind power, offshore/fell
Solar heating
Integrated solar power
In-house heat pumps
Households: lighting, entertainment electronics
Households: other appliances etc.
Entsyme-aided refining of mechanical pulp
Biopulping-refined mechanical pulp
Decomposition of N2O in nitric acid production
Capture of CO2 from blast furnace gas
Recovery of landfill gas
Fluorinated gases: reducing leakeges etc.
F-gases: substituting techniques & refrigerants
Considerable potential
Slight potential
6.4
CLIMTECH
Impact of emission reduction on technology
markets
• Greenhouse gas emission reduction guides the development of world’s
energy production and use systems in the coming decades.
• More and more demand will come for technologies, which emphasise
efficiency of energy production and use as well as renewable and low
emission energy sources.
• Public support and investments on technology development will
decrease the emission reduction costs.
• Technology development makes it possible to reduce emissions more
and more with time.
7.1
Energy technology markets
CLIMTECH
• Global energy technology markets, about 300 - 400 billion $ / a
• Energy technology export from Finland was 3.2 billion € in 2000
• Global markets in 2010 and targets for Finland:
- Wind energy
Global
Export from Finland
Investments in Finland
15...25 billion $ (2001: 6 billion $)
0.7...1.5, even 3 billion $ (0.2)
0.02...0.06 billion €
- Solar energy
Global
Export from Finland
Investments in Finland
10...15
~ 0.1
...0.02
- Biomass-CHP*
Global
Export from Finland
Investments in Finland
3...10*
1...3
...0.3
*Biomass-CHP is a very small portion from all bioenergy technologies
7.2
Export of energy technology from Finland
CLIMTECH
- Energy technology export has strongly increased during 1990’s
- Export is presently about 6 % of the total export
- The greatest GHG reductions due to Finnish technology take place
abroad
Million euros
3 000
Export
Import
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
7.3
Developing countries
CLIMTECH
• Strong growth of energy demand
• Half or more of the global energy technology markets
• New technologies decrease also other pollutant emissions
- This can locally be more important than GHG control
• New technologies fit to distributed energy system
- Developing countries have often weak infrastructure
• Share of developing countries could be increased in the Finnish export
- Lack of capital can be avoided by using CDM?
- Bioenergy, connection to forest cluster, carbon sinks?
7.4
CLIMTECH
Promotion of the commercialisation of
technology
1. Clear long-term and broad political commitment of emission
reductions is needed so that companies would see the technology
development economical.
2. In addition to technology development, also demand of technology
must be promoted. Markets can be promoted also by new business
concepts.
3. Co-operation networks and action plans (road-maps) have an
important mission in commercialisation.
4. Public sector should take more risks in funding technology
development projects that take technology onwards.
8.1
General things about investment targets
CLIMTECH
Short time period (under 10 years):
Investing in strong fields. Companies are key actors.
Public sector should promote domestic markets and support critical
development and demonstration projects, which take technology
onwards. Also export should be supported by connecting export
promotion to other activities like Kyoto mechanisms.
For example promotion strategies for export of bioenergy and wind
power technologies.
Long time period (10-30 years):
There exists a risk that demand is focused on fields in which there are
little Finnish know-how and companies. It’s difficult to predict exactly the
successful technologies. Therefore, investments should be addressed
also in subject fields from which key technological solutions are
estimated to develop. Besides companies, also universities and research
institutes are significant actors. International networking is important
because of limited resources.
8.2.1
General things about investment targets
CLIMTECH
Energy production technologies
(more detailed list in scenario report; classification to technology development
needs, promotion of implementation, and research needs)
• Wind power
- coast, offshore, fells
• Bioenergy
- fuel production chains and derived fuels (biopellets, pyrolysis oil,
recovered fuels)
- gasification techniques of solid biofuel and recovered fuels, corresponding
combustion techniques
- combined heat and power (small-scale and large-scale CHP)
- engines (biogas and gasification)
• Longer time period:
- e.g. fuel cells, hydrogen, solar energy, and many others
- connection to applications in which there are Finnish strengths
- international networking is important
8.2.2
General things about investment targets
CLIMTECH
Use and process technologies
Industrial processes:
- technical solutions for more efficient energy use
- reducing electricity consumption of mechanical pulp refining (use of
enzymes and fungals)
- catalytic purification of process emissions of nitric acid production
(implementation)
Construction engineering: low energy buildings
Heating based on renewable energy: bioenergy, heat pumps, solar heat
in service water heating
Electrical devices: lighting, refrigeration appliances, office equipment
Transport: bio-components for transportation fuels
Waste management: prevention of waste formation, e.g. sorting for
utilisation and fuel production
8.2.3
Conclusions from the Climtech Programme
CLIMTECH
Greenhouse gas emission reductions guide the development of world’s
energy production and use systems in the coming decades.
To this is also connected the decreasing of energy and material flows,
dematerialisation. This is a part of sustainable development.
More and more demand will come to technologies, which emphasises
efficiency of energy production and use as well as renewable and low
emission energy sources.
Physical efficiency, economical efficiency, eco-efficiency.
Public support and investments on technology development will decrease
the emission reduction costs.
Significance for companies and national economy.
Technology development makes it possible to reduce emissions more and
more with time.
Finally, the world’s emissions must be reduced much under the half from present
level in order to stop the climate change.
9.1.1
Conclusions from the Climtech Programme (2)
CLIMTECH
New technologies have key role in fulfilling the needs of coming
generations.
Development and implementation of technologies makes possible the
decoupling of economic growth, energy demand, and environmental
impacts.
Finnish technology can be used to control emissions all over the world.
Number of technologies were identified in the programme.
Technology can offer win-win alternatives to control greenhouse gas
emissions.
9.1.2
Conclusions from the Climtech Programme Proposals
CLIMTECH
Promotion strategies for bioenergy and wind power technologies
and their export
- the Finnish technology of both bioenergy and wind power is significant in global
markets, although the Finnish history and base of know-how are very different in
these technologies
- markets of these technologies will grow strongly
- target is to maintain and increase global market share
Character of strategies:
- industry-origin, network-like (companies, research institutes, universities,
National Technology Agency (Tekes), ministries), support from domestic market,
e.g. 10 year’s road-map
- technology programmes of Tekes could be part of the strategy
Advantages:
- increasing competitiveness, utilisation of export possibilities, increasing wellbeing, employment, economical emission reduction in Finland (bioenergy already
now, wind energy later on)
9.2