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CLIMTECH Technology and Climate Change Programme (Climtech) - Key Results Ilkka Savolainen Mikael Ohlström Sanna Syri Antti Lehtilä http://www.climtech.vtt.fi/ http://www.tekes.fi/english/programm/climtech Contents CLIMTECH 1 Objective of the Climtech Programme 2 Reports produced in the Climtech Programme 3 Background material 3.1 Greenhouse gas emissions in World and in Finland 3.2 Climate Convention and Kyoto Protocol 3.3 General possibilities of climate change mitigation 3.4 Technical options to reduce ghg emissions 4 Results of the Climtech Programme by subject areas 5 Technology scenarios of reducing the Finnish ghg emissions 6 Technology potentials in reducing emissions 7 Effect of emission reduction on technology markets 8 Promotion of the commercialisation of technology 9 Conclusions from the Climtech Programme Objective of the CLIMTECH Programme CLIMTECH • is to support mitigation of climate change, and • attainment of the national climate change mitigation objectives, by contributing to technological choices, research, development, commercialisation and implementation. The time scale for the technologies studied is extended to about 2030 1.1 CLIMTECH Reports produced in the Climtech Programme (publication list separately) Results of the CLIMTECH Programme have been published in many different forms because of the communicative role of the programme: project reports (mainly in Finnish with English abstracts, reports are as pdf documents on Internet pages) result brochures of individual projects in Finnish and in English (pdf documents on Internet pages) Final Report. Technology Programme Report 14/2002, 259 p. (English articles of 10-15 p. from every project) Climate - Challenge for technology (in Finnish: Ilmasto - Haaste teknologialle). Edited CLIMTECH book, where selected authors write about their subject field Extended English summary of the CLIMTECH book (about 30 pages, completed in May 2003) 2.1 Backround material CLIMTECH 5 Fossil fuel CO2 emissions 4 Industrial countries Pg C 3 2 Developing countries 1 0 1900 Source: CDIAC, IEA 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 year 3.1.1 Greenhouse gas emissions in World and in Finland CLIMTECH Carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion per capita in 1990 and 2000 Tons/capita 20 1990 2000 15 10 5 0 Australia Belgium Finland Germany USA Japan Spain Canada Netherlands Russia Denmark Britain Sweden France Turkey Mexico Brazil China Annex 1 World India EU-15 3.1.2 World’s greenhouse gas emissions CLIMTECH Emissions in Average annual 1999 (Mt CO2eq) growth (%) 1990-1999 Garbon dioxide1 Energy production Industry and construction Transport Habitation, services, other Subtotal Other greenhouse gases 2 Industry3 Agriculture CH4 and N2O) Waste management (only CH4) Subtotal 9900 4300 5500 3800 24000 2.3 -1.0 2.3 -0.8 1.0 600 4600-10000 900 6100-12000 TOTAL 30000-35000 1 IEA 2001 2 Data from years 1990 (IPCC 2001) 3 CH4, N2O, HFC:s, PFC:s and SF6 3.1.3 Fuel-based CO2 emissions of Finland CLIMTECH 60 Peat 60 CO2 emissions, Tg(CO2) a -1 Natural gas 50 40 50 Coal fuels Other oil products 40 Transport fuels 30 30 Emissions from power production 20 20 10 10 0 1900 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 3.1.4 Sectoral greenhouse gas emission in Finland in 2000 CLIMTECH Waste 2% Other 1% Agriculture 10% Industry and solvents 4% Energy sector in total 83% Centralised energy 28% Industrial fuels 22% Transport fuels 18% Peat production 5% Heating and other combustion 10% 3.1.5 Greenhouse gas emission by gases in Finland in 2000 CLIMTECH N2O 10% Fluorinated gases 1% CH 4 5% CO 2 others 5% CO 2 from peat production and combustion 14% CO 2 from use of fossil fuels 65% 3.1.6 Climate Convention and Kyoto Protocol CLIMTECH Climate Convention United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Agreed 1992 in Rio de Janeiro - the ultimate objective is to restrict the greenhouse gas concentrations in atmosphere to non-dangerous level Kyoto Protocol Supplementary protocol agreed by parties of Climate Convention in Kyoto in 1997 - greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries must be reduced on average of 5 % from 1990 level to period of 2008-12 - different emission commitments for different countries: EU –8 %, USA –7 %, Japan –6 %, Australia +8 %, Iceland +10 % - concerns following gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC:s, PFC:s and SF6 - carbon sinks are enclosed under strict reservations - Kyoto mechanisms (emission trading (ET), joint implementation (JI), clean development mechanism (CDM)) - is not enough for the ultimate objective of Climate Convention, “over 10 Kyotos” would be needed 3.2 General possibilities to control climate change CLIMTECH Greenhouse gas emission reduction is contributed by - change of economic structure so that proportion of relatively less energy using sectors will grow - more efficient and economical use of energy (changes connected to energy use technologies and consumption habits) - more efficient energy production, and growth of proportion of low and non-emission energy sources - decrease of industrial process emissions as well as emissions of other sectors (e.g. agriculture, waste management, refrigeration appliances) (In addition, the atmospheric CO2 concentration can be reduced by storing atmospheric carbon to a carbon sink) 3.3 Technological alternatives to reduce ghg emissions CLIMTECH Improvements of energy use efficiency Raising the efficiency of fuel use in energy production (e.g. CHP, combined cycle processes) Renewable energy sources (biomass, industrial and municipal wastes, wind, hydro etc.) Nuclear power CO2 capture and storage (e.g. in old oil and gas fields) Reduction of industrial process emissions Reduction of emissions from waste management and agriculture Reduction of emissions of fluorinated gases Technology can offer win-win alternatives to control greenhouse gas emissions. 3.4 Results of the Climtech Programme by subject fields CLIMTECH Subject fields • CLIMTECH projects (27) have been roughly divided to six subject fields: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Renewable energy sources and distributed energy production (5) Energy efficiency and industry (6) Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (2) Capture and utilisation of CO2 (2) Models and systems (9) Commercialisation (3) • 8 companies and 7 research institutes carried out research work in the CLIMTECH projects. Additionally, several companies participated in financing and/or in executive group working of the research projects. 4.1 Renewable energy sources and distributed energy production CLIMTECH Bioenergy supply will grow and diversify in Finland Bioenergy, PJ 2010 2020 2030 Recycled fuel 250 Agrobiomass Biocomponents of transport 200 Pyrolysis oil 150 Waste wood and forest chips 100 Small-scale use of wood 50 Conventional Kyoto Conventional Kyoto 2000 Conventional 1990 Kyoto 0 4.2.1 Renewable energy sources & distributed energy prod. CLIMTECH Export and employment can be increased and CO2 emission reduced by public support of wind energy 4.2.2 Renewable energy sources and distributed energy production CLIMTECH Solar Road Map: - target of action plan is business activity of 150 M€ in 2010 - solar power and heat, 80 % export Hydrogen technology survey: - fuel cells are the most important area of new hydrogen technology - e.g. hydrogen production from biomass, storing of hydrogen, on-boardstorages, and electrolysis facilities are critical external technologies Distributed energy production: - significant for both export and for Finland’s emission reduction - biomass boilers, wind power, small-scale and mini hydro power, heat pumps, solar energy - the greatest potential for CHP is in size class of 1 - 10 MW, later also below 1 MW 4.2.3 Energy efficiency and industry CLIMTECH Energy consumption of household appliances in different scenarios. The greatest saving potential is in lighting. Electricity consumption of households by appliance group GWh/year 3000 2500 In year 2000 Number of residences /2010 Business-as-usual /2010 Technically possible /2010 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Refrigeration Lighting Consumer Cooking appliances electronics Washing machines HVACsystems and car heating Sauna Miscellaneous stove 4.3.1 Energy efficiency and industry Fungal treatment Biopulping 13-23 % Main refining Reject refining Enzyme-aided refining Freeness 5 - 10 % Enzyme Main refining Reject refining Specific energy consumption Biotechnical methods in mechanical pulping will save electricity, in Finland even 1.5 TWh/a in 2030. Specific energy consumption CLIMTECH Freeness (Freeness = beating rate of mechanical pulp) 4.3.2 Energy efficiency and industry CLIMTECH In ‘ICT in forest cluster’ project, effect of new technologies on emissions were evaluated. Technology matrix Probability of general break through nanotubes wireless printing new computer circuits portable fuel cells Large identification chips organic light emitting diode (OLED) display e-commerce data mining Electronic ink and paper print-on-demand collaborative mobile remote control business practices Moderate/ debatable Small Increasing Indifferent/ debatable Reducing Impact on GHGs in forest cluster 4.3.3 Energy efficiency and industry CLIMTECH Potential of Energy Service Companies (ESCO) in reducing emissions: - investment potential of industrial ESCO-cases: 200 M€ (payback 2-6 years) - energy savings: 340 GWh power and 1890 GWh heat - carbon dioxide emission reduction potential: 0.3-0.4 Mill. tonnes High-efficiency power plant technologies: - higher steam values: USC (Ultra Super Critical) plants - material development; water chemistry - integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plants at demonstration phase - co-production of fuels, chemicals, and energy - gasification of biomass => methanol production for transportation fuel - high temperature fuel cells and hybrid fuel cells within 10 years at size class of 0.2-10 MW - increasing power generation in the process industry (CHP) through new optimisation and planning methods Industrial ecology and ghg emission reductions: - by connecting processes the material and energy flows can be controlled, and savings gained 4.3.4 Non-CO2 greenhouse gases CLIMTECH Fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions are mostly refrigerant leakages from refrigeration appliances. Emissions of fluorinated gases 2,5 Emissions, Mt CO2-eq. 2,0 1,5 1,0 baseline scenario HFCS PFCS SF6 refrigerants propellants, blowing agents insulating gases protective gases process gases reduction scenario 2 reduction scenario 1 emissions 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 4.4.1 Non-CO2 greenhouse gases CLIMTECH Emissions from waste management can be reduced by recycling and energy use of waste fuels. 200 1000 t CO 2 - eq /a Landfill 100 Energy recovery Plastic recycling 0 -100 Paper recycling Recycling of metals and glas Total -200 -300 Energy Efficient Massburing + energy Utilisation recovery as previous max, fibres recovery of 28% power of REF methane and PE plastic substitutes + engine power carbon by gasification 4.4.2 Capture and utilisation of CO2 CLIMTECH Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels can be captured, utilised and disposed in order to reduce emissions. N2 O2 Flue gas Air Power & heat N2 H 2O Capture of CO 2 Air Total costs CO2 Hydrogen Fuel 30 - 50 €/tCO2 Power & heat CO2 Capture of carbon dioxide CO2 compression N2 Power & heat Air O2 Storage,utilisation Oxygen separation 4.5 Models and systems CLIMTECH Climate change can also have a considerable impact on energy production and heating energy demand. Results of picture are based on emission scenarios A2 and B2 by IPCC, and on other projections. Influence of climate change until 2030 Change, % 30 A2 20 B2 B2 10 A2 B2 A2 0 -10 -20 Biomass Peat production Wind power Hydro power Heating energy demand 4.6.1 Models and systems CLIMTECH Renewable Energy Certificate System (RECS) helps to verify the source of energy and can increase the demand for clean energy production technologies. - At the experimental stage RECS certificates had been granted an amount corresponding production of 14 TWh, where about 40 % was Finnish production. The original target (1 TWh) was exceeded 14-fold. 4.6.2 Models and systems CLIMTECH Other projects in this subject field: - Development of energy system models for Finland in co-operation with the IEA ETSAP programme - Reducing carbon dioxide emissions of transport in Finland - The impact of information technology and Internet economy on energy economy, energy technologies and greenhouse gas emissions - Carbon sink and other greenhouse gas impacts of wood products - The impact of climate change mitigation on air pollutant emissions - Local means of livelihood in mitigating climate change - the case of Southeast Finland (the results can be found from the Internet pages: www.climtech.vtt.fi) 4.6.3 Commercialisation CLIMTECH Through interactive learning the new technology can be embedded to markets as co-operation of different actors. Key actors in societal embedding Societal actors Producers Users 4.7 Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg emissions CLIMTECH Primary energy by source 2010 Primary energy, PJ 2020 2030 1600 Other 1400 Coal Peat 1200 Oil products Natural gas 1000 Black liquor Wood fuels 800 Nuclear 600 Hydro & wind Electric imports 400 Conventional Kyoto Convent ional 2000 Kyoto 1990 Conventional 0 Kyoto 200 5.1.1 Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg emissions CLIMTECH Electricity supply Electricity supply 2010 TWh 2020 2030 Imports 100 Other District CHP 80 Industrial CHP Gas condensi ng 60 Coal / peat condensing 40 Wind Hydro 20 Nuclear Optim istic Conventional Kyo to Optimistic Kyo to Conv entio nal Optim istic 2000 Conventional 1990 Kyo to BAU 0 5.1.2 Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg emissions CLIMTECH Electricity consumption by sectors 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 BAU Losses 100 Transport Households and agriculture Electric heating 60 Services and construction Other industry 40 Chemical industry Metal industry 20 Opt. Conv. Kyoto Opt. Conv. Kyoto Opt. Conv. 2000 0 Kyoto Wood industry 1990 Electricity, TWh 80 5.1.3 Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg emissions CLIMTECH Primary energy sources of heating 1990 1999 2010 2020 2030 400 Electricity Building stock volume 300 District heat Solar and ground heat 250 Natural gas 200 Oil 150 Peat pellets 100 Bio-oil 50 Opt. Conv. Kyoto Opt. Conv. Kyoto Opt. Conv. 1999 0 Kyoto Solid biofuel 1990 Primary energy equivalent, PJ 350 5.1.4 Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg emissions CLIMTECH Final energy consumption of transport 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 160 Electricity 140 Ethanol 120 Methanol 100 Natural gas 80 Jet fuel 60 Heavy fuel oil 40 Diesel 20 Opt. Conv. Kyoto Opt. Conv. Kyoto Opt. Conv. 2000 0 Kyoto Gasoline 1990 Final energy consumption, PJ 180 5.1.5 Technology scenarios of reducing Finnish ghg emissions CLIMTECH Greenhouse gas emissions by main sources 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 CO2, transport 20 CO2, smallscale comb. 10 CO2, energy prod. &industry 2000 0 Opt. 30 Conv. CO2, other sources Kyoto 40 Opt. Methane Conv. 50 Kyoto Nitrous oxide Opt. 60 Conv. HFC, PFC & SF6 Kyoto 70 1990 Mill. tonnes CO2) 80 5.1.6 Greenhouse gas emissions by main category – emission trading CLIMTECH year 2010 => year 2030 10 €/tonCO2 => 30 €/tonCO2 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 80 Emission rights 70 HFC, PFC & SF6 Nitrous oxide 50 Methane 40 CO2, other sources 30 CO2, transport 20 CO2, smallscale comb. 10 CO2, energy prod. & industry Opt.-ET Conv.-ET Kyoto Opt.-ET Conv.-ET Kyoto Opt.-ET Conv.-ET 2000 0 Kyoto Emission right purchase 1990 Tg CO2 eq. 60 5.2 Opt.-30 Opt.-20ET Opt.-20 Opt.-10 Conv.-30 2020 Conv.-20ET Conv.-20 Conv.-10 Kyoto Opt.-30 Opt.-20ET Opt.-20 Opt.-10 Conv.-30 2010 Conv.-20ET Conv.-20 Conv.-10 Kyoto Opt.-30 Opt.-20ET Opt.-20 Opt.-10 Conv.-30 Conv.-20ET 800 Conv.-20 1000 Conv.-10 Kyoto Direct annual cost change, M€ (2000) Direct costs of emission reduction compared to baseline (emission trading only in 20ET-scenario) CLIMTECH Increase in annual costs compared to Baseline 2030 1200 Net annual permit trade expense Annual direct costs 600 400 200 0 -200 5.3 Potentials of energy production technologies in Finland’s emission reduction CLIMTECH Influence on emissions at issue application Significance in 2010 Significance in 2030 Burnable energy sources Raising the efficiency in power production max. -30 % X XX Combined heat and power production max. -35 % XX XX -20 % – -95 % XX XXX max. -60 % 0 X Natural gas combined and engine technologies -60 % XXX XX FBC-technologies for biofuels and REF fuels -95 % XXX XXX max. –90% 0 X Small hydro and wind power -100 % XX XXX Solar energy -100 % X X -100 % XXXX XXXX Gasification of solid fuels Fuel cells connected to grid CO2 capture and disposal Other renewable energy sources Nuclear energy Conventional and developed technologies X = minor, XX = moderate, XXX = considerable, XXXX = great 6.1 Potentials of energy use technologies in Finland’s emission reduction CLIMTECH Significance Significance in 2010 in 2030 Energy use in industry XX XXX Fuel switch in processes X XX New technologies and processes X XXX XX XXX XX XXX Energy efficiency Material substitution and reuse Energy use in residences and services Energy efficiency Alternative energy source - bioenergy X XX - heat pumps X X - solar energy X XX X XXX Transportation X XX Behaviour X X Energy use in transportation Technologies X = minor, XX = moderate, XXX = considerable, XXXX = great 6.2 Cost-efficiency of technologies CLIMTECH Year 2010 Technique Conventional technology scenario < 10 cost-efficiency, €/t(CO2) 10–20 20–30 30–100 > 100 Optimistic technology scenario < 10 cost-efficiency, €/t(CO2) 10–20 20–30 30–100 > 100 Increasing biomass in fluidised bed combustion Non-integrated biomass gasifiers Integrated gasification of biomass Pyrolysis oil in in-house boilers Wind power, coast Wind power, offshore/fell Solar heating Integrated solar power In-house heat pumps Households: lighting, entertainment electronics Households: other appliances etc. Entsyme-aided refining of mechanical pulp Biopulping-refined mechanical pulp Decomposition of N2O in nitric acid production Capture of CO2 from blast furnace gas Recovery of landfill gas Fluorinated gases: reducing leakeges etc. F-gases: substituting techniques & refrigerants Considerable potential Slight potential 6.3 Cost-efficiency of technologies CLIMTECH Year 2030 Technique Conventional technology scenario < 10 cost-efficiency, €/t(CO2) 10–20 20–30 30–100 > 100 Optimistic technology scenario < 10 cost-efficiency, €/t(CO2) 10–20 20–30 30–100 > 100 Increasing biomass in fluidised bed combustion Non-integrated biomass gasifiers Integrated gasification of biomass Pyrolysis oil in in-house boilers Wind power, coast Wind power, offshore/fell Solar heating Integrated solar power In-house heat pumps Households: lighting, entertainment electronics Households: other appliances etc. Entsyme-aided refining of mechanical pulp Biopulping-refined mechanical pulp Decomposition of N2O in nitric acid production Capture of CO2 from blast furnace gas Recovery of landfill gas Fluorinated gases: reducing leakeges etc. F-gases: substituting techniques & refrigerants Considerable potential Slight potential 6.4 CLIMTECH Impact of emission reduction on technology markets • Greenhouse gas emission reduction guides the development of world’s energy production and use systems in the coming decades. • More and more demand will come for technologies, which emphasise efficiency of energy production and use as well as renewable and low emission energy sources. • Public support and investments on technology development will decrease the emission reduction costs. • Technology development makes it possible to reduce emissions more and more with time. 7.1 Energy technology markets CLIMTECH • Global energy technology markets, about 300 - 400 billion $ / a • Energy technology export from Finland was 3.2 billion € in 2000 • Global markets in 2010 and targets for Finland: - Wind energy Global Export from Finland Investments in Finland 15...25 billion $ (2001: 6 billion $) 0.7...1.5, even 3 billion $ (0.2) 0.02...0.06 billion € - Solar energy Global Export from Finland Investments in Finland 10...15 ~ 0.1 ...0.02 - Biomass-CHP* Global Export from Finland Investments in Finland 3...10* 1...3 ...0.3 *Biomass-CHP is a very small portion from all bioenergy technologies 7.2 Export of energy technology from Finland CLIMTECH - Energy technology export has strongly increased during 1990’s - Export is presently about 6 % of the total export - The greatest GHG reductions due to Finnish technology take place abroad Million euros 3 000 Export Import 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 7.3 Developing countries CLIMTECH • Strong growth of energy demand • Half or more of the global energy technology markets • New technologies decrease also other pollutant emissions - This can locally be more important than GHG control • New technologies fit to distributed energy system - Developing countries have often weak infrastructure • Share of developing countries could be increased in the Finnish export - Lack of capital can be avoided by using CDM? - Bioenergy, connection to forest cluster, carbon sinks? 7.4 CLIMTECH Promotion of the commercialisation of technology 1. Clear long-term and broad political commitment of emission reductions is needed so that companies would see the technology development economical. 2. In addition to technology development, also demand of technology must be promoted. Markets can be promoted also by new business concepts. 3. Co-operation networks and action plans (road-maps) have an important mission in commercialisation. 4. Public sector should take more risks in funding technology development projects that take technology onwards. 8.1 General things about investment targets CLIMTECH Short time period (under 10 years): Investing in strong fields. Companies are key actors. Public sector should promote domestic markets and support critical development and demonstration projects, which take technology onwards. Also export should be supported by connecting export promotion to other activities like Kyoto mechanisms. For example promotion strategies for export of bioenergy and wind power technologies. Long time period (10-30 years): There exists a risk that demand is focused on fields in which there are little Finnish know-how and companies. It’s difficult to predict exactly the successful technologies. Therefore, investments should be addressed also in subject fields from which key technological solutions are estimated to develop. Besides companies, also universities and research institutes are significant actors. International networking is important because of limited resources. 8.2.1 General things about investment targets CLIMTECH Energy production technologies (more detailed list in scenario report; classification to technology development needs, promotion of implementation, and research needs) • Wind power - coast, offshore, fells • Bioenergy - fuel production chains and derived fuels (biopellets, pyrolysis oil, recovered fuels) - gasification techniques of solid biofuel and recovered fuels, corresponding combustion techniques - combined heat and power (small-scale and large-scale CHP) - engines (biogas and gasification) • Longer time period: - e.g. fuel cells, hydrogen, solar energy, and many others - connection to applications in which there are Finnish strengths - international networking is important 8.2.2 General things about investment targets CLIMTECH Use and process technologies Industrial processes: - technical solutions for more efficient energy use - reducing electricity consumption of mechanical pulp refining (use of enzymes and fungals) - catalytic purification of process emissions of nitric acid production (implementation) Construction engineering: low energy buildings Heating based on renewable energy: bioenergy, heat pumps, solar heat in service water heating Electrical devices: lighting, refrigeration appliances, office equipment Transport: bio-components for transportation fuels Waste management: prevention of waste formation, e.g. sorting for utilisation and fuel production 8.2.3 Conclusions from the Climtech Programme CLIMTECH Greenhouse gas emission reductions guide the development of world’s energy production and use systems in the coming decades. To this is also connected the decreasing of energy and material flows, dematerialisation. This is a part of sustainable development. More and more demand will come to technologies, which emphasises efficiency of energy production and use as well as renewable and low emission energy sources. Physical efficiency, economical efficiency, eco-efficiency. Public support and investments on technology development will decrease the emission reduction costs. Significance for companies and national economy. Technology development makes it possible to reduce emissions more and more with time. Finally, the world’s emissions must be reduced much under the half from present level in order to stop the climate change. 9.1.1 Conclusions from the Climtech Programme (2) CLIMTECH New technologies have key role in fulfilling the needs of coming generations. Development and implementation of technologies makes possible the decoupling of economic growth, energy demand, and environmental impacts. Finnish technology can be used to control emissions all over the world. Number of technologies were identified in the programme. Technology can offer win-win alternatives to control greenhouse gas emissions. 9.1.2 Conclusions from the Climtech Programme Proposals CLIMTECH Promotion strategies for bioenergy and wind power technologies and their export - the Finnish technology of both bioenergy and wind power is significant in global markets, although the Finnish history and base of know-how are very different in these technologies - markets of these technologies will grow strongly - target is to maintain and increase global market share Character of strategies: - industry-origin, network-like (companies, research institutes, universities, National Technology Agency (Tekes), ministries), support from domestic market, e.g. 10 year’s road-map - technology programmes of Tekes could be part of the strategy Advantages: - increasing competitiveness, utilisation of export possibilities, increasing wellbeing, employment, economical emission reduction in Finland (bioenergy already now, wind energy later on) 9.2