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ENERGY
 The
ability to perform work
 Ex: your heart muscle does work
every time it beats
 Two basic forms of energy
Potential
kinetic
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Is
stored energy due to an
object’s position or
arrangement
KINETIC ENERGY
 Energy
of motion
 Anything that is moving
 Kinetic - “motion”
THERMAL ENERGY
Energy
that has been transferred
From areas that are warmer to
cooler
CHEMICAL ENERGY
Organic
compounds store
energy (potential) in the way
their atoms are arranged.
This is called chemical energy
Types of Organisms
Some Organisms use sunlight to make food
in a process called photosynthesis:
These organisms are called AUTOTROPHS or
PRODUCERS.
Some organisms cannot use sunlight to make
food-they must eat instead:
These organisms are called HETEROTROPHS
or CONSUMERS.
Types of Organisms
No matter how organisms get their food
ALL get their energy FROM THE FOOD
in the SAME way.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is a Process in which
organisms create ATP from the food they
make or eat.
What is ATP?
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate:
Made of three things
1.) Ribose (sugar)
2.) Adenosine (base)
3.) Three phosphates
Key to the activity of ATP is release energy as
the bonds break between the phosphates
ATP
ADP
AMP
ATP to ADP To ADP releases energy
Cellular Respiration
During Cellular Respiration we take potential energy
(stored energy) called chemical energy stored in the
bonds of glucose and turn it into ATP.
ATP is called free energy because it is available to do
any type of work needed in our cells called Kinetic
Energy (energy available for work)
The amount of energy released is measure in calories
or kilocalories
The more energy a type of food can release the more
calories it has
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: catabolic, exergonic,
aerobic process that uses energy to extract
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from an organic
molecule called glucose
Catabolic: breaks molecules down
Exergonic: releases energy
Aerobic: oxygen (O2) requiring
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is similar to breathing and
respiration
Breathing and respiration is an exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and
the outside air
Cellular respiration is the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the cells and the
blood
Cellular Respiration
Makes up to 38 ATP
Cellular Respiration uses the glucose we
eat and the glucose plants make as well as
the oxygen we breathe to create up to 38
ATP as well as the carbon dioxide we
breathe out and water.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration takes place in three stages
and in different places of the cell.
Glycolysis: Cytoplasm (cytosol)Mitochondrial
Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix
Electron Transport Chain: Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane
Cellular Respiration:
Mitochondria
The mitochondria is designed to complete
cellular respiration with maximum energy
production.
> There are many folds in the
membrane to increase surface area and
allows many reactions of Cellular
Respiration to occur at once. This produces
a lot of ATP.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is broken into three main
parts.
1.) Glycolysis: sugar splitting phase (glucose is
the sugar)
2.) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Extracts the
energy from glucose
3.) Electron Transport Chain/ATP Synthase:
Turns the energy into ATP for
the body to use
*In total makes from 34 to 38 ATP**
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Location: Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside
of mitochondria in two phases.
A. Energy investment phase
Begin with a Glucose molecule
Put 2 ATP in to start the reaction
B. Energy yielding phase
Create 4 ATP
MAIN GOAL: To split glucose (sugar splitting)
Glycolysis
Process:
Invest 2 ATP to start the reaction and a Glucose molecule
Split glucose molecule in half to create two molecules of
Pyruvic Acid (each having 3-Carbons)
Produces two molecules of NADH from NAD+
Produces 4 new ATP molecules
NET GAIN: 2 ATP (4 Produced - 2 Invested)
Glycolysis
Reactants
2 ATP Molecules
1 Glucose Molecule
2 NAD+ Molecules
4 ADP Molecules
Products
2 ADP Molecules
2 Pyruvate Molecules
2 NADH Molecules
4 ATP Molecules
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Location: in the Mitochondrial Matrix
Main Goal: To Break down pyruvate (pyruvic acid) into
carbon dioxide and Acetyl Co-A and release more energy
Process:
-Each pyruvate loses one carbon and makes a 2
carbon molecule called Acetyl CoA
-The carbon joins with the oxygen (aerobic) that breathe
in to create the carbon dioxide we exhale
-The Acetyl Co-A can then diffuse into the matrix of the
mitochondria
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Since there are two molecules of Acetyl Co A
entering the Krebs cycle there must be two turns of
the cycle.
One for each pyruvate (pyruvic Acid)
1.
2.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Reactants:
Products from glycolysis
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
ADP
Oxygen
FAD
NAD+
Products:
4 Carbon Molecule to be recycled
ATP
Carbon Dioxide
FADH2
NADH
Electron Transport Chain
Location: Inner Membranes of Mitochondria
Main Goal: Use hydrogen ions and electrons to make
up to 34 ATP
Process:
-All NADH and FADH2 are electron carrier molecules
- Made from glycolysis and Krebs cycle
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and
hydrogen ions to make ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Reactants:
ALL NADH and FADH2
from glycolysis and the
Krebs cycle
Products:
NAD+ and FAD
ADP
ATP
Fermentation
In some cases there is little to no oxygen present and
organisms still need energy. Since cellular respiration is an
aerobic process it cannot occur with out oxygen.
-Fermentation occurs when no oxygen is present
(anaerobic)
-Two Types
1. Lactic Acid: Completes glycolysis and
produces lactic acid
2. Alcoholic: Completes glycolysis and
produces alcohol