Download Final Exam Review Packet (Scary, Isn`t It?) Date: Time: Room

Final Exam Review Packet
(Scary, Isn’t It?)
Date:
Time:
Room:
Testing Style:
What do I need: Two # 2 pencils
What if I have a conflict? Talk with teacher
What if I’m sick? E-mail me for makeup time
What if I lost my book? We don’t
What should I study? The following terms and diagrams
GOOD LUCK!
UNIT I: Introduction
Themes of Life
1.
List the and describe 8 themes of life (pages 11-18)
1._________Biological systems/Organization___________
2._________Cells________________________________
3._________Form and function_______________________
4.__________Reproduction and Inheritance______________
5.____________Interaction with the environement______
6.____________Energy and life_________________
7.____________Regulation/Homeostasis________________
8.___________Adaptaions and Evolution________________
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. List the steps of the scientific method in order. (Split up observe and research)
1.______Identify a problem/make observation(ask a question)______
2.____________Research______________________
3.__________Make a Hypothesis________________
4._______________test Hypothesis with experiment_______
5._______________record data_________________________
6._______________analyze data____________________
7._______________make conclusion___________________
8._____________publish/report findings_________________
2. Does smoking increase the number of people with lung cancer?
a. Hypothesis:
If people smoke, then their chances of having lung cancer will increase
b. Independent Variable:
_________People that smoke___________________
c. Dependent Variable:
_________chances of having lung cancer_________
d. Experimental group:
_________group that smokes___________________
e. Control group:
_________group that does not smoke______
f. Conditions kept constant:
____ages, genders, amount of smoking, type of cigarettes, _
UNIT II: Biochemistry
MATTER
1. Using the following element, list the:
7
N
Nitrogen
14.012
a.
b.
c.
Atomic number and Atomic mass 7 and 14.012
Number of protons, neutrons, and electrons 7, 7, 7
Number of electrons in outer shell 5
2. Differentiate Ionic and Covalent bonding
____IB- transfer of electrons (NaCl) CB- sharing of electrons (H2O)_______________________
WATER and PH
1. Define polarity ___________molecule that has opposite charges at opposite ends (Water!!)_____
2. Differentiate Cohesion vs adhesion
____Cohesion-molecules of same kind stick together (H20-H2O); Adhesion- attraction of unlike molecules
3. Differentiate Capillary action and transpiration
__CA- the cohesion and adhesion of water up the inside of a plant; Transpiration- the evaporation of water
from leaves___
4. List and describe 3 unique properties of water
- Polar molecule; cohesion/adhesion; temperature moderation; low density of ice
5. Difference between acids and bases. Include Hydroxides (H+) and Hydroniums (OH-).
_____________acids: high amount of H+ ions; Bases: higher amount of OH- ions_____
6. pH scale- What does it go from and how much is each step?
________________0-14; 7 is neutral; above 7= Base (alkaline); below 7= Acid ___
MACROMOLECULES
3. name the building blocks as well as any special properties of the following:
a. Carbohydrates- Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen (1:2:1 ratio); energy storageGlucose/sugars/starches/glycogen/cellulose
b. Lipids- Glycerol backbone with fatty acid tails; saturated-solid at room temp(maximum number of
Hydrogen bonded to carbons); unsaturated-liquid at room temp (less Hydrogen bonds, more double
bonds between carbons); long term storage of energy, cushion organs, provide insulation in body
c.
Proteins- built with amino acids (20 kinds); enzymes, cell recognition, cell signaling and transport.
Also can be used as building blocks of many molecules
d. Vocab: glucose, amino acids, saturated, nonsaturated, fatty acid chains, glycerol, metabolism
ATP/ADP CYCLE
4. Describe what happens using the following terms
a. ADP
b. Phosphate
c. Bonds
d. Potential energy
e. Kinetic energy
f. Glucose
Use figure on page 144 in text
UNIT III: The Cell
The asterisks indicate the information that will be in the written part.
CELL BASICS
1.
** What does the theme Correlation of Structure and Function mean? Review the notes you took from the cell
presentations. __________________Page 13 in textbook; many different levels of biology-organism level,
cellular level, molecular level, etc….__________________
2. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
___Prokaryotic (BACTERIA)- contains DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall (NO membrane
bound organelles); Eukaryotic cell (ANIMAL, PLANT, FUNGI, PROTISTS)- more complex with membrane bound
organelles and DNA contained in a nucleus_____
3. What is the difference between a unicellular and multicellular organism?
_____________unicellular- made of one cell and cell performs many tasks to maintain homeostasis;
multicellular- made of many cells and cells distribute work to maintain homeostasis_________________
4. List the 3 parts of the cell theory.
__________________All organisms are made of 1 or more cells___________________________
__________________Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms
__________________All cells come from pre-existing cells_______________________
ORGANELLES
5. Review a cell organelle diagram. You will be asked to label organelles.
6. ** Know the functions of each: Check textbook for these pages 109-131 (chapter 6)
a) Flagella and cilia: ________________________________________________________________
b) Ribosomes:____________________________________________________________________
c) Rough and Smooth ER: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
d) Golgi Bodies:
___________________________________________________________________________
e) Vesicles:
___________________________________________________________________________
f) Mitochondria:
___________________________________________________________________________
g) Chloroplasts:
___________________________________________________________________________
h) Vacuole:
___________________________________________________________________________
i)
Centrioles:
___________________________________________________________________________
j)
Lysosome:
___________________________________________________________________________
k) Peroxisome: Break down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
___________________________________________________________________________
Cellular Respiration
7. Write the formula: _______C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O AND @ ATP ___________
8. Draw and label a mitochondria
PAGE 148 IN TEXT
9. Create a flow chart showing:
a) The three steps of respiration
b) Where each step occurs
c) The reactants going in each step
d) The products coming out of each step
USE PAGE 148 FOR THIS AS WELL
Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)
10. Name three differences between cellular respiration and fermentation.
a)
NO OXYGEN REQUIRED
b)
PRODUCES LESS OVERALL ATP
c)
OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM
11. What are the differences in Animal/Bacterial fermentation and Yeast fermentation. Name some everyday
product made from each. Lactic acid fermentation in animals (humans; bacteria) can produce cheese and yogurt;
alcoholicfermentation of yeast can produce bread and wine/beer (CO2 and ethyl alcohol)
Photosynthesis
12. Write the formula: ____6CO2 + 6H2O (LIGHT ENERGY)  C6H12O6 + 6O2 ____________________
13. Draw and label a chloroplast.
PAGE 161 IN TEXTBOOK
14. Create a flow chart showing: USE FIGURE 8-4 ON PAGE 162
a) The two steps of photosynthesis
b) Where each step occurs
c) The reactants going in each step
d) The products coming out of each step
UNIT IV: The Cell Membrane
THE CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
15. What did Singer and Nicholson discover? _______________CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)_____
16. What does fluid mosaic mean?
_____________PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE IS MADE UP OF MANY DIFFERENT PARTS AND IS NOT
STATIC…IT IS ABLE TO MOVE ______________________
17. Draw a simplified version of the cell membrane. Include and label the following parts – phopholipid, protein,
cholesterol, carbohydrate chains, glycolipid, glycoprotein, cytoskeleton
USE PAGE 116 FOR THIS
18. Name and describe the four types of proteins in the cell membrane.
___________PAGE 117 IN TEXTBOOK__________________________________
19. What type of protein determines blood type?__________RECOGNITION/MARKER PROTEINS___________
20. Differentiate Antigens and Antibodies and give examples.
__________Blood type: Type A blood has “a” antigen and produces “b” anitbodies_____________
21. What is the main job of the cell membrane?_____ control what enters and leaves a cell (Homeostasis)
22. Describe selective permeability.________allowing certain substances in or out, like a screen window_______
___________________________________________________________________________________
State other characteristics/structures of the membrane that help it do its job.
______________phospholipids (hydrophobic/hydrophilic ends), proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates, _____
___________________________________________________________________________________
THE CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
23. What are 2 factors that determine what can pass through the membrane and where?
___________________size and charge of molecule_______________________________________
24. List three molecules that can go directly through pores in the bilayer. ________H2O, CO2 and O2_________
25. List three molecules that must pass through a membrane protein. _Glucose (C6H12O6), certain ions, amino acids
26. List 2 characteristics of passive transport.
__________movement of molecules from High concentrationlow concentration; NO energy required_____
27. What are three passive transport processes? ___Diffusion, Osmosis and facilitated diffusion_______
__________________________________________________________________________________
28. What is a concentration gradient?__________difference in concentration across a space___
29. Describe dynamic equilibrium.________molecules are evenly spread out in an area (continue to move)_______
30. What two important gases will pass through the cell membrane by diffusion?
___O2 and CO2____
31. What is the protein in red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?_____Hemoglobin__
32. What is osmosis?
________Diffusion of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane____
33. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it ______loses water_________. If it is placed in a hypotonic
solution it _________gains water____________. If in an isotonic solution it __________remains the same.
34. How is facilitated diffusion different from regular diffusion?
_____________movement of molecules through a protein channel_____________________
35. What three substances may pass through the membrane by facilitated diffusion?
Certain ions, glucose and amino acids
36. What are two characteristics of active transport?_movement of molecules against the concentration gradient;
requires energy__
37. What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?
_____________energy use and direction of molecule movement_____________________
38. What is the similarity between active transport and facilitated diffusion?
_____________________use of a membrane protein_________________________________
39. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
____________Endo=substances enter the
cell; exo=substance exit the cell; both types of active transport___________________________
40. Give an example of endocytosis:
__________white blood cells taking in a bacterium______________
41. Give an example of exocytosis:
_________________cell exporting a protein or lipid_______________
UNIT V: The Nucleus
THE STRUCTURE OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
1.
Explain the Unity in Diversity theme.
______________All life is made of DNA (Unity). It is the sequence of bases that makes every
living thing different(Diversity)______
2.
Explain how each of the following scientists contributed to our knowledge of the genetic material.
a) Wilkens / Franklin _______X-Ray Crystalography picture of DNA__________________
b) Watson / Crick __________Discoverd structure of DAN (built model)__________
3.
Bases that fit together based on shape are called _Nitrogen bases
(A-G= Purines; C-T= Pyrimidines)
4.
What two molecules make up the DNA backbone? ______Phosphate and sugar (Deoxyribose)___
5.
Draw the ladder structure of DNA and label: base, sugar, phosphate, nucleotide.
Page 230-231
THE FUNCTION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
6.
DNA controls the cell by giving the directions to make ______Proteins__________.
7.
How are genes and proteins related? _______Genes are short segments of DNA that are
instructions for making protiens___________________________________
8.
What are the building blocks of proteins? _______amino acids (there are 20 of them)________
9.
Codons and anticodons are the same because they both consist of _____3 base pairs of RNA__.
10. A codon is part of a ___mRNA_____ molecule while an anticodon is part of a ____tRNA____
molecule.
11.
List THREE differences between DNA structure vs. RNA structure.
___________DNA- Deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, large molecule and A,T,C,G base pairs;
RNA- Ribose sugar, single stranded, smaller molecule and A, U, C, G base pairs___
12. What type of macromolecule are DNA and RNA? ____Nucleic acids_____________
13. List and describe the three types of RNA. _____mRNA-carries DNA message from nucleus to
ribosomes (in cytoplasm), tRNA-carries amino acids to mRNA (codon) to make proteins; rRNA-helps
make up structure of ribosome__________________________________
14. List the steps of transcription in detail.
1- Helicase (enzyme) “unzips” DNA molecule
2- RNA polymerase (enzyme) adds RNA nucleotides to stand of mRNA
3- mRNA detaches and leaves the nucleus to enter cytoplasm_____________________
15. Where in the cell does transcription occur? ________nucleus___________
16. List the steps of translation in detail.
Pages 241 and 242 in textbook____________________
22. What type of molecules are DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, helicase? ___Enzymes (“ase”
ending!!!)
23. Know how to use the codon chart to determine the order of amino acids in a protein.
EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS IN THE GENETIC MATERIAL
17. A mutation is a ____change/mistake in the DNA sequence(genetic code)_____________
18. 2 basic types of mutations: ______point mutation; frameshift mutation________
19. What is the difference between an inherited and an acquired mutation? _______________
________inherited are born with and can pass down; acquired are obtained through a lifetime__
20. Describe how environmental agents can cause mutations. ____Carcinogens can alter the DNA
sequence_____
28. What is the difference between a point DNA mutation and a frameshift DNA mutation?
_______Point may or may not alter the Amino Acid sequence (changing protein); Frameshift will
alter the amino acid sequence from the point of the mutation on (altering Protein)_______
21. If a DNA mutation occurs in body cells it can lead to ________Cancer______.
22. If a DNA mutation occurs in sex cells the result is _________genetic disorders_____.
Unit VI: The Cell Cycle
THE CELL CYCLE
1.
Differentiate Chromatin and Chromasomes:
____DNA coils up to form chromatin, which continues to coil and form chromosomes________
2.
Draw and label chromosome structure: chromatid, centromere, genes (bands on the chromosome).
Use pages 182-183
3.
How are chromosomes, genes and DNA related? _____DNA coils up to make chromosomes; small
segments of DNA are genes________________
4.
Draw a pair of homologous chromosomes. How many chromatids make up a pair of homologous
chromosomes?
See page 193
5.
Why do we have 23 PAIRS of chromosomes in our body cells?
___each chromosome has a
homologous pair, so we have 46 total chromosomes (we get 23 from each parent)________
6.
What is a karyotype? ______a picture of all the chromosomes that can indicate certain
chromosomal mutations/diseases in the body____________________
7.
How can you determine gender and the presence of genetic abnormalities by looking at a karyotype?
What are the chromosomes that represent the different genders.
___________XX= female; XY= Male; you can determine the total number of chromosomes present
or if one chromosome is smaller or larger than it should be (possibly indicating a genetic disorder.
8.
List the 3 main parts of cell cycle:
________Interphase;Mitosis;cytokinesis_________________________
9.
Differentiate mitosis and meiosis
____________Mitosis creates body cells that have the same number of chromosomes as it
started with (2n2n); Meiosis creates gametes (sex cells) which have half the number of
chromosomes (2nn)
10. Body cells contain ___46___ chromosomes while sex cells contain __23___ chromosomes.
11.
What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? ______________________________
___________________haploid is half the number of chromosomes that makes up an organism;
Diploid is the full set of chromosomes that make up an organism____________________
12. What are two ways that meiosis mixes up genetic information?
___crossing over and independent
assortment_____________
13.
Describe each of the 4 stages of mitosis. Describe how would you be able to identify them?
__________pages 186-187_____________________________________
14. What is the function of the centrioles? _________spindle fibers attach and help pull sister
chromatids apart
15. How many chromosomes does a body cell start with? End up with after mitosis?
_________________4646________________________________________
16. Describe what happens during each phase of meiosis (I and II).
____________Use pages 196-197________________________________________
17. What is a tetrad, what is crossing over, and when during meiosis does it occur? ________Prophase
I; exchanging of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
18. What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the following.
a) number of chromosomes (single or double) at the beginning
b) how they line up during metaphase
c) their separation
d) number of chromosomes (single or double) at the end
e) number of cells that are made
___________Good chart on page 200 in textbook___________________________
Unit VII: Genetics
MEDELIAN GENETICS
1.
Differentiate the following terms: Use
textbook for these
a. Codominance vs Incomplete Dominance
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Multiple Allelic Inheritance vs Sex-linked Inheritance
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Recessive Trait vs Dominant Trait
__________________________________________________________________________________
d. Phenotype vs Genotype
__________________________________________________________________________________
e. Homozygous vs Heterozygous
__________________________________________________________________________________
f. Trait vs allele
__________________________________________________________________________________
2.
3.
Define the following:
a. Testcross
b. Rule of unit factors
c. Rule of dominance
d. Law of segregation
e. Law of independent assortment
Who was Gregor Mendel
Unit VIII: Evolution
INTRO
1. Difference between microevolution and macroevolution
MICROEVOLUTION IS AT THE GENETIC LEVEL AND CAN CAUSE MACROEVOLUTION
2. 4 steps of natural selection
OVERPRODUCTION; VARIATION; FIGHT FOR SURVIVAL; PRODUCING OFFSPRING
3.
What qualifies organisms as part of TWO DIFFERENT species? How does one species turn into two or more?
DARWIN and NATURAL SELECTION
1.
____ Creationism is a scientific explanation for the origin of life on Earth.
a) true
b) false
2.
____ Which of the following is believed to have been the earliest to evolve?
a) land plants
b) bacteria
c) aquatic dinosaurs
d) mammals
3.
____ The founder of modern evolution theory is considered to be
a) Darwin
b) Hooke
c) Boveri
d) Mendel
4.
____ The process of evolution is called natural speciation.
a) true
b) false
5.
____ Evolution is based on mutation.
a) true
b) false
6.
____ Any structure or behavior that allows an organism to survive in its environment is called a(n)
a) mutation
b) adaptation
c) homology
7.
____ The ability of an organism to blend in with its surroundings is called
a) camouflage
b) mimicry
MICROEVOLUTION
8.
____ A change WITHIN the allele frequencies of one species is called
a) microevolution b) macroevolution
9.
____ When natural selection selects for the heterozygote, it is
a) directional selection
b) balancing selection
10. ____ A chance event effects the genetic diversity of a population
a) genetic drift
b) non-random mating
c) gene flow
EVIDENCE FOR MACROEVOLUTION
11. ____ “Left-over” organs resulting from evolution are called ____ structures
a) homologous
b) analogous
c) vestigial
12. ____ Evolutionists use which of the following pieces of evidence as support?
a) fossils b) DNA comparisons
c) embryo similarities
d) all of these
13. ____ Structures that have a similar embryological origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing
and a human arm, are called
a) homologous structures
b) analogous structures
14. ____ The slow change of organisms over time in the fossil record is called
a) punctuated equilibrium
b) gradualism
15. ____ Which of the following is NOT a form of reproductive isolation?
a) Timing
b) Behavior
c) Geographical separation
d) Different niche (habitat)
e) Incompatibility