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Central and South America Mayans • • • • • • • • Pictographs Most accurate calendar Polytheistic Math=concept of zero Warriors Spaniard arrival=decline Not politically centralized Astronomers-built observatories Aztecs • Warriors • Central government • Centrally planned cities (Tenochtitlan) • Solar calendar • Advanced agriculture • Advanced mathematical concepts • Polytheistic (Queztalcoatl) Cortés’ 1524 Map of Tenochtitlan Trees to bolster Water canals chinampa Layers of dirt to create farm land Incas • • • • Central govt=same language, same buildings Road system No written language=quipu Stone structures w/out mortar that survived earthquakes • Pizarro killed ruler and ruled until murdered by his own men. Important FYI • Accept leadership from only a few; chief rules by respect and consent of the people • Idea of community did not extend to outsiders who threatened their natural resources • Trade not just economic transaction but a form of gift giving, represented friendship and alliance, mutual obligation and trust. • Identify closely to where they lived in terms of history…emphasized place not time. Warfare Essential b/c served to revitalize the community by replacing dead or missing w/captives who could be adopted or tortured to ease the grief of the victims. -warfare did not involve genocide -women, children and elderly spared • How would indigenous people’s ideas about leadership create conflict with European conquistadors? • What was the purpose of warfare in indigenous cultures? • What was the purpose of warfare for European conquistadors? The Set Up…Motives • Crusades • China=printing press, gunpowder • Venice and Genoa=principal trading centers • Ottoman Empire hindered trade routes to the east. • Reformation=Catholic vs. Protestant The Set Up…Needs • Problems facing Europeans – Population increasing – Food shortages Why 1492? The Rebirth of Europe Economy Culture Politics Nations competed for Asian trade. Ancient Greek, Roman, and Muslim art and learning were rediscovered. Reformation: revolt against the Roman Catholic Church Improved seafaring technology aided exploration and trade. Philosophy of humanism: use of reason and experimentation in learning Government by nobles and the Church declined. Spain and Portugal competed to explore trade routes. Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci Shakespeare The rise of nations Why 1492? • Portugal and Spain were able to initiate exploration b/c – – – – – Centralized government Access to large pools of capital (ie:$$$$) New commercial practices Renaissance Expansionist values • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – Papal Line of Demarcation Effects of Columbus’ Voyage From New World • Iguana, flying squirrel, catfish, rattlesnake, armadillos, opossums, sloths, anacondas, toucans, parrots, turkeys, guinea pigs, • Potatoes (sweet and white), maize, beans (snap, kidney, lima, etc.), peanuts, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapples, papayas, avocados, cacao, chicle – These plants could grow almost anywhere and helped fuel population explosion – Today, these crops make up 1/3 of world’s food crops • syphillis From Old World • Rice, wheat, barley, oats, wine grapes, melons, coffee, olives, bananas, daisies, dandelions • Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens (?) • Typhus, smallpox, flu, measles Building the Spanish Empire Motives • “God, gold, and glory” Spanish Explorers Juan Ponce de León: Florida, 1513. Vasco Núñez de Balboa: Isthmus of Panama in 1513. Hernán Cortés, Aztec empire, present-day Mexico, by 1521. Francisco Pizarro, Incan empire, present-day Peru,1532 . Building the Spanish Empire • Used religion as a form of colonial control. • Encomiendas • Both societies (Spanish and Native American) blended, coexisted and interacted Exploration continued into present-day Texas and up past the Mississippi River. Spanish New Mexico grew very slowly Challenges to the Spanish Never found gold and silver Climate, limited food supply Never developed market economy in New World. Emphasis on conversion and control Did not trade like the French and English The French in North America • 1523 to 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano • 1543–1542:Jacques Cartier • 1608: Samuel de Champlain • 1673-Robert Cavalier LaSalle • Why explore? • New France English Colonization Over time, England was the most successful at colonizing North America. • English explorers searched for the Northwest Passage • Sea Captains • Two early English colonies: 1. Roanoke 2. Jamestown • Indentured servants are people who worked under contract for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the new colony. • 1620 – Separatists – Mayflower Compact