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Name: ____________________________________________ Hour: ______________ US History: Study Guide Chapter 4 “Their first goal was always to find gold” (p. 101). Montezuma: ___________ emperor…decided to treat the strangers and their leader as if they were _______…__________ was not pleased with his messengers…Montezuma became more __________. He sent sacks of ________ to the approaching __________, hoping to satisfy them and convince them to turn back. The gifts, however, only made the Spaniards more eager to reach the ________ capital and its riches… Montezuma was taken prisoner by ________…He was killed by a _________ thrown by an _______ during a revolt against the Spanish. Tenochtitlan (see page 54): the _______ city of the ________ Empire; meaning “Place of the _________ ________ _________” Conquistador: __________ term for _________________ Hernan Cortes: leader of the __________ strangers; was a __________ conquistador; claimed ___________ for Spain Malintzin: a Native American ___________ introduced to Cortes…became __________’s interpreter, __________ Native American languages into ____________…like many people in the coastal areas, she __________ the Aztec. The “Great Sickness”: probably small ________ or ___________. These diseases were ___________ because the Aztec had never been ____________ to them before. Mexico City: It had taken only _______ years for the ______________ to destroy the mighty ___________ empire… Cortes ordered that a new city be built on the site of ________________. It would be the new _____________ capital. Francisco Pizarro: The leader of the attack against the _________ was the ___________ conquistador Francisco Pizarro. Atahualpa: leader of the __________ empire…like Cortes among the Aztec, ___________ thought the best way to control the __________was through their emperor. He took Atahualpa captive. To gain their leader’s freedom, the ______ were ordered to pay a ___________…Pizarro promised to free Atahualpa when the ____________ was paid, but instead had the ___________ leader ____________. Viceroy: ___________ governing official in charge of each part of the ____________ empire, one in _________ __________and one in __________. The main responsibility of the viceroy was to produce _________ for ___________. Pueblos: towns established as centers of ____________. Most pueblos were built around a central square that included a ____________ and _______________ buildings. Many towns in _____________ and __________ ______________ still reflect the style of the Spanish pueblos. Missions: _______________ communities that usually included a small ____________, surrounding ____________, and a _____________. They were started by ___________ religious workers called _____________. Life in a mission centered around the church. Priests taught ____________ ____________ about the ___________ ____________ religion and various ___________ and ____________. Presidios: or ____________, was built near a ____________. Spanish ___________ stationed at a presidio ___________ the missions from ___________. Peninsulares: The people of Spain’s _____________ colonies formed a structured society where position was determined mostly by ____________ (like the feudal system in Europe). People born in ___________ had the _____________ positions in the Spanish ____________ society…They controlled most of the ___________ and ___________. Creoles: below the ______________ on the ____________ ladder. These colonists had ____________ parents but had been born in _________ ___________. Mestizos: people of mixed _____________ and ______________ American descent. Most mestizos worked on ________ and ______________. In towns they worked as ______________, bakers, tailors, and _______________. Treatment of Native Americans: ____________ group of people in ___________’s empire. They were forced to __________ in the ___________ and on ______________ under __________ conditions. Most were paid so _________ that they had to ____________ from landowners just to buy ___________. They could not change __________ until their debt was paid, trapping them in a system that was close to _______________. St. Augustine: In _________, a group of ____________ people landed in ____________ intending to start a settlement of their own. To keep out the _____________, the ______________ built a fort and settlement of their own along the east coast of ______________ called St. Augustine…it is the ___________ city in the __________ ___________ started by Europeans. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: organized a large expedition to the ______________ to find the fabled _________ Cities of ___________ (had huge stock piles of gold, silver, and precious jewels). He traveled for almost ________ years though lands of the present-day ______________ United States…gave __________ claim to lands far to the north of _____________. Hernando de Soto: In _________ another ____________ explorer went in search of the __________ cities of gold. He started in __________… [then] through present-day South Carolina, ___________, Alabama, ____________, and Tennessee. He failed to find ____________ but gave ______________ a claim to all the land he had explored. Russians: The ____________ had claimed California in ________ when they sailed along the Pacific Coast and explored the site of present-day San Diego. However, they ignored Upper California until the 1760s when they became alarmed at the activities of traders from ____________ –held Alaska…Spanish officials sent an expedition to California in _________. Their first goal was to establish a chain of ___________ and _____________ posts along the California coast. Samuel de Champlain: hired by the __________ to attempt to settle __________. He was hired by _______ companies… In 1608, he established _____________—the first permanent ____________ settlement—near the mouth of the _____ _____________ River…He also traveled to present-day northern _______ _________. There he came to another lake which he named after himself—Lake ____________. He became known as “the Father of New _________.” French Fur Trade: The economy of _______ __________ was based on the _______ trade. Traders sent a steady supply of beaver, ___________, and __________ skins back to ___________…_____________ hats were very fashionable in _____________, and ____________-class Europeans were eager to buy them. Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette: a trader and a priest who heard the stories of the ____________ river (Mississippi) and hoped it was the trade route to ___________ that everyone had been looking for…they paddled for more than ________ miles…they realized that the ____________ River flowed _____________ and was not a western route to the _____________ Ocean. Robert de La Salle: Ten years later, he was determined to find out how far the ______________ flowed. In _________ he reached the mouth of the river where it emptied into the ____________ of _____________…he claimed all the lands of the _______________ Valley for _____________. He named the area ______________ in honor of King Louis XIV. Henry Hudson: In _________ Dutch sailors aboard a ship called the ________ _________ attempted to find a route by going _____________ around Europe through the _____________ Ocean. After waiting a month for ice in the _________ Ocean to thaw, their captain—an _____________ sailor named Henry Hudson—decided to turn around and sail ________ across the ______________ Ocean. The _________ __________ landed along the ___________ American coast. Hudson claimed the area for the _____________. New Amsterdam: The ____________ built a post for _____________ with the Native Americans at present-day ___________, New York. They also started the settlement of New Amsterdam on __________________ Island. *Review the following terms from Ch. 3: Renaissance, San Salvador, da Gama, Cartier, Balboa, Polo