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US History: Study Guide
Chapter 4 “Their first goal was always to find gold” (p. 101).
Montezuma: ___________ emperor…decided to treat the strangers and their leader as if they were
_______…__________ was not pleased with his messengers…Montezuma became more __________. He sent sacks of
________ to the approaching __________, hoping to satisfy them and convince them to turn back. The gifts, however,
only made the Spaniards more eager to reach the ________ capital and its riches… Montezuma was taken prisoner by
________…He was killed by a _________ thrown by an _______ during a revolt against the Spanish.
Tenochtitlan (see page 54): the _______ city of the ________ Empire; meaning “Place of the _________ ________
_________”
Conquistador: __________ term for _________________
Hernan Cortes: leader of the __________ strangers; was a __________ conquistador; claimed ___________ for Spain
Malintzin: a Native American ___________ introduced to Cortes…became __________’s interpreter, __________
Native American languages into ____________…like many people in the coastal areas, she __________ the Aztec.
The “Great Sickness”: probably small ________ or ___________. These diseases were ___________ because the Aztec
had never been ____________ to them before.
Mexico City: It had taken only _______ years for the ______________ to destroy the mighty ___________ empire…
Cortes ordered that a new city be built on the site of ________________. It would be the new _____________ capital.
Francisco Pizarro: The leader of the attack against the _________ was the ___________ conquistador Francisco Pizarro.
Atahualpa: leader of the __________ empire…like Cortes among the Aztec, ___________ thought the best way to
control the __________was through their emperor. He took Atahualpa captive. To gain their leader’s freedom, the ______
were ordered to pay a ___________…Pizarro promised to free Atahualpa when the ____________ was paid, but instead
had the ___________ leader ____________.
Viceroy: ___________ governing official in charge of each part of the ____________ empire, one in _________
__________and one in __________. The main responsibility of the viceroy was to produce _________ for ___________.
Pueblos: towns established as centers of ____________. Most pueblos were built around a central square that included a
____________ and _______________ buildings. Many towns in _____________ and __________ ______________ still
reflect the style of the Spanish pueblos.
Missions: _______________ communities that usually included a small ____________, surrounding ____________, and
a _____________. They were started by ___________ religious workers called _____________. Life in a mission
centered around the church. Priests taught ____________ ____________ about the ___________ ____________ religion
and various ___________ and ____________.
Presidios: or ____________, was built near a ____________. Spanish ___________ stationed at a presidio ___________
the missions from ___________.
Peninsulares: The people of Spain’s _____________ colonies formed a structured society where position was determined
mostly by ____________ (like the feudal system in Europe). People born in ___________ had the _____________
positions in the Spanish ____________ society…They controlled most of the ___________ and ___________.
Creoles: below the ______________ on the ____________ ladder. These colonists had ____________ parents but had
been born in _________ ___________.
Mestizos: people of mixed _____________ and ______________ American descent. Most mestizos worked on ________
and ______________. In towns they worked as ______________, bakers, tailors, and _______________.
Treatment of Native Americans: ____________ group of people in ___________’s empire. They were forced to
__________ in the ___________ and on ______________ under __________ conditions. Most were paid so _________
that they had to ____________ from landowners just to buy ___________. They could not change __________ until their
debt was paid, trapping them in a system that was close to _______________.
St. Augustine: In _________, a group of ____________ people landed in ____________ intending to start a settlement of
their own. To keep out the _____________, the ______________ built a fort and settlement of their own along the east
coast of ______________ called St. Augustine…it is the ___________ city in the __________ ___________ started by
Europeans.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: organized a large expedition to the ______________ to find the fabled _________
Cities of ___________ (had huge stock piles of gold, silver, and precious jewels). He traveled for almost ________ years
though lands of the present-day ______________ United States…gave __________ claim to lands far to the north of
_____________.
Hernando de Soto: In _________ another ____________ explorer went in search of the __________ cities of gold. He
started in __________… [then] through present-day South Carolina, ___________, Alabama, ____________, and
Tennessee. He failed to find ____________ but gave ______________ a claim to all the land he had explored.
Russians: The ____________ had claimed California in ________ when they sailed along the Pacific Coast and explored
the site of present-day San Diego. However, they ignored Upper California until the 1760s when they became alarmed at
the activities of traders from ____________ –held Alaska…Spanish officials sent an expedition to California in
_________. Their first goal was to establish a chain of ___________ and _____________ posts along the California coast.
Samuel de Champlain: hired by the __________ to attempt to settle __________. He was hired by _______
companies… In 1608, he established _____________—the first permanent ____________ settlement—near the mouth of
the _____ _____________ River…He also traveled to present-day northern _______ _________. There he came to
another lake which he named after himself—Lake ____________. He became known as “the Father of New _________.”
French Fur Trade: The economy of _______ __________ was based on the _______ trade. Traders sent a steady supply
of beaver, ___________, and __________ skins back to ___________…_____________ hats were very fashionable in
_____________, and ____________-class Europeans were eager to buy them.
Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette: a trader and a priest who heard the stories of the ____________ river (Mississippi)
and hoped it was the trade route to ___________ that everyone had been looking for…they paddled for more than
________ miles…they realized that the ____________ River flowed _____________ and was not a western route to the
_____________ Ocean.
Robert de La Salle: Ten years later, he was determined to find out how far the ______________ flowed. In _________
he reached the mouth of the river where it emptied into the ____________ of _____________…he claimed all the lands
of the _______________ Valley for _____________. He named the area ______________ in honor of King Louis XIV.
Henry Hudson: In _________ Dutch sailors aboard a ship called the ________ _________ attempted to find a route by
going _____________ around Europe through the _____________ Ocean. After waiting a month for ice in the _________
Ocean to thaw, their captain—an _____________ sailor named Henry Hudson—decided to turn around and sail ________
across the ______________ Ocean. The _________ __________ landed along the ___________ American coast. Hudson
claimed the area for the _____________.
New Amsterdam: The ____________ built a post for _____________ with the Native Americans at present-day
___________, New York. They also started the settlement of New Amsterdam on __________________ Island.
*Review the following terms from Ch. 3: Renaissance, San Salvador, da Gama, Cartier, Balboa, Polo