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Chapter 34: Rise of the Roman Empire Student Study Guides Nina Siwik April 20, 2013 Social Studies Rome Unit Study Guide- Ch. 34 First Period: Rome’s Conquest of the Italian Peninsula This period of expansion was almost 200 years of constant fighting. It went from 509-264 B.C.E. Rome made a treaty with the Latins after the Etruscan king was overthrown in 509 B.C.E. With their new ally, they started to fight against the Etruscans, but Rome almost ended right there. A group of Gauls crushed some of Rome’s army and burned the city in flames in 390 B.C.E. But, Rome still held on, rebuilt their city and army, and battled Etruscans and Samnites. Even though in 275 B.C.E. they had conquered the whole peninsula, they still lost most of their city, people, and army. But, they allowed other defeated people to become Roman citizens, which was good. Even though Rome had to pay taxes and supply soldiers and take in defeated people, they still conquered new land. Second Period: The Punic Wars The Punic Wars were three wars with Carthage from 264-146 B.C.E. It all started when Greek cities and Carthage had been fighting over trading rights. When Rome conquered both cities, they were drawn into a major battle. The first war was in 264 B.C.E., with Carthage having a better navy. But, the Romans one-upped them by copying and improving their styles for themselves. Rome finally won when Rome took over Sicily and other islands. The second war was in 218 B.C.E., when Carthage decided to go straight to Italy and attack. Hannibal, a Carthage general, marched the army from Spain into the Alps. He fought the Romans for 15 years, but when he went back to Carthage to defend, he was defeated. There was then peace for 50 years, but the third war began when a Roman senator Cato decided to destruct Carthage. In 146 B.C.E., the Romans completely destroyed Carthage, and sold all the others to slavery. Even though Rome gained land, they still had thousands of farms destroyed, poor farmers left alone, and many soldiers dead. Third Period: Civil Wars and the Murder of Julius Caesar The Civil Wars were wars connected to a very important man named Julius Caesar. But even before this, Rome had put the republican government out, and dictation began. Rome had to also put down slave revolts, specifically one from a slave named Spartacus. There was also trouble in the city, for since there were slaves to do all the work, there were thousands of farmers and laborers left unemployed. They formed a mob that could turn into a terrifying army. But, a civil war broke out between two generals named Pompey and Caesar. After years of going back and forth, at one point, Pompey coaxed the Senate into forbidding Caesar’s entrance into Italy. But, Caesar marched into Italy, defeated Pompey, and became elected dictator for life by the Senate. There was officially no republican form of government, and Caesar was making many changes for the poor, like free entertainment and laws to help them. Caesar also had bright plans for the future, but his future didn’t live long. On March 15, 44 B.C.E., Caesar was stabbed 26 times and bled to death in front of the door of the Senate by enemies who “tried to save the republic”. Instead, another emperor took his place. Fourth Period: Rome Becomes an Empire/ the Rise of Caesar Augustus Rome officially became an empire when Octavian Caesar took control. (This period lasted from 44 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) When Caesar was murdered, Rome started another decade of civil war. After the decade ended, a new dictator took charge: Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew/adopted son. Octavian defeated his rivals (such as Marc Antony and Cleopatra) to gain power. To gain favoring, he said he would “restore the authority of the Senate and the Roman people” instead of just wiping out the republican form of government (although that was really what he was doing). He gained his new title, Augustus (meaning “honored”), and encouraged many things such as education, art, and literature. He gave Rome many new job titles like firefighters, police, and even a new library. He ruled over 50 million people, and even made kingdoms into more Roman territories. With all his land and power, he knew he would need a strong economy, and took action to make better trading opportunities.He even got goods coming in from as far away as China. But, with all his good, he paid a price. He made a private army to protect himself (the Praetorian Guard), but that guard sometimes actually murdered the emperor. But, there was peace for about 200 years, in a period called the Pax Romana. The peace cost the Romans, though. A rebellion took 100,000 soldiers, and a whole Roman army was destroyed before it was done. The more time that went on, the more challenges and costs were brought to the table. Max Berry True or False? 1. The Punic wars were fought between Rome and Gaul _____ 2. There were 3 Punic wars _____ 3. Rome lost all 3 of the Punic wars _____ 4. Rome conquered Macedonia _____ 5. Cato, a senator order the 3rd Punic war _____ Short answer 6. Was the 1st Punic war a land battle or was it at sea? 7. After the 2nd Punic war Rome was given what land? 8. What are some costs of the Punic wars? List 2. Kaylee Study Guide for Chapter 34: From Republic to Empire First Period: Conquest of the Italian Peninsula Costs Lost soldiers (Army) Broken families Rebuilt city (Time & Money) More Romans had to serve in army Benefits Had a great, new place to call home (more territory under rule) Bigger army Big Ideas Treaty that said ‘There shall be peace between the Romans and all the communities of Latins as long as heaven and earth endure’ Romans fought against Etruscans for over 100 years Gauls nearly “killed” Rome Rome conquered the Etruscans, many neighboring tribes, Smanities, and many Greek cities (Italian Peninsula) Second Period: The Punic Wars Costs Fought wars Lost soldiers Lost Farms Benefits Conquered more land every win of the battles Had greatest power in the region Big Ideas There were three wars Fought three wars with Carthage Romans built navy with designs from the Carthaginians ship Rome conquered Sicily and some other Islands (Not Listed in Book) Carthaginians surprised the Romans by going up a mountain, through horrible things, and Battled for 15 years (Rome won) Conquered Spain Burned Carthage to the ground Third Period: Civil Wars and the murder of Julius Caesar Costs Fought Battles Lost soldiers People lost jobs Julius Caesar died Lost form of Republic Benefits Put down slave revolts Got slaves Big Ideas The republic collapsed The conquests rebelled in 91 B.C. as wars were still fought To end the revolt they agreed to let all Italians become Roman citizens Julius Caesar gave jobs to people who did not have them A group of enemies stabbed Caesar to death Fourth Period: Rome becomes an Empire, the rise of Caesar Augustus Costs Caesar died Built harbors, canals, and roads Benefits Augustus encouraged education, art and literature Improved trading Big Ideas Caesar's death lead Rome into wars for more than 10 years Augustus gave Rome first Police force, firefighters, and library Augustus punished people for being cruel or harsh to their husbands or wives Augustus had a private army to protect his emperor Sara’s Study Guide Chapter 34: From Republic to Empire Study Guide - by Sara 34.3 1. Who was overthrown in 509 B.C.E? 2. The Romans signed a _________ with the Latins. 3. How did Rome almost come to an end in 309 B.C.E? And by who? 4. By 275 B.C.E., Rome controlled the _______________________. 5. Name a few costs and benefits. 34.4 1. What were the Punic Wars? 2. The First Punic War was mostly fought at _______. 3. How did the Romans win the First Punic War? 4. Why did the Second Punic War start? 5. Why did the Third Punic start? 6. Name a few costs and benefits of this expansion. 34.5 1. To end a revolt, what did the Romans decided to do? 2. Who was Pompey and Julius Caesar? 3. What did the Senate name Caesar after defeating Pompey? 4. What new customs did Caesar introduce? 5. Why was Caesar killed? 34.6 1. What happened after Caesar’s death? 2. Who was Octavian? Who did he become? 3. The Senate named him ______________. 4. Octavian encouraged ______, _____________, and __________________. 5. What did he do to defend his empire? 6. What was the Pax Romana? 7. What were some costs and benefits for this expansion? Katherine’s Study Guide Unit 34 Study Guide Name: ______________________ By: Katherine Higgins 1. Color the different periods of expansion. 2. Match the period of expansion to its key words. a. Civil wars 1. First period of expansion b. Conquering neighbors 2. Second period of expansion c. The Pax Romana 3. Third period of expansion d. Wars with Carthage 4. Fourth period of expansion 3. Fill out the chart. Period of Expansion First period Second period Important Person Where are they from? What is one important thing they did? Why are they important to us? Third period Fourth period Write a short answer for each question. Use complete sentences unless otherwise stated. 4. How did the treaty with the Latins affect Rome? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. How did Hannibal and his troops get to Rome? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 6. What reforms did Julius Caesar make in Rome? How did this affect his popularity? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 7. What is the Pax Romana? (Be Specific) ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 8. What are the costs and benefits of each period? (You may use bullet points)