* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download AP Physics B Content Outline
Aharonov–Bohm effect wikipedia , lookup
Photon polarization wikipedia , lookup
Superconductivity wikipedia , lookup
Casimir effect wikipedia , lookup
Diffraction wikipedia , lookup
Electromagnetic mass wikipedia , lookup
Potential energy wikipedia , lookup
Negative mass wikipedia , lookup
History of physics wikipedia , lookup
Faster-than-light wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear physics wikipedia , lookup
Woodward effect wikipedia , lookup
Classical mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Thomas Young (scientist) wikipedia , lookup
Conservation of energy wikipedia , lookup
Speed of gravity wikipedia , lookup
Anti-gravity wikipedia , lookup
History of thermodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Electromagnetism wikipedia , lookup
Equations of motion wikipedia , lookup
Centripetal force wikipedia , lookup
Newton's laws of motion wikipedia , lookup
Lorentz force wikipedia , lookup
Wave–particle duality wikipedia , lookup
Classical central-force problem wikipedia , lookup
Time in physics wikipedia , lookup
Work (physics) wikipedia , lookup
Matter wave wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation wikipedia , lookup
AP Physics B Content Outline NOTE – this is not an all inclusive review. This is just the highlights and helpful reminders for each unit. Go back and study notes, practice problems, quizzes and tests to prepare for the AP exam. I. Newtonian Mechanics (35%) a. Kinematics (7%) i. Motion in one dimension - includes vectors, coordinate systems, displacement, velocity, acceleration Velocity = distance/time Acceleration = velocity/time 3 main equations Vf = Vi + at Vf^2 = Vi^2 + 2ax X = Vit + ½ at^2 ii. Motion in two dimensions – sine, cosine, trig, x velocity stays constant and zero acceleration, y acceleration is -9.8 m/s^2 Position – time graphs slope is velocity Velocity – time graphs slope is acceleration, area under curve is displacement b. Newton’s laws of motion (9%) i. Static equilibrium (first law – object in motion stays in motion, object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force) ii. Dynamics of a single particle (second law – f = ma) iii. Systems of two or more bodies (third law – equal and opposite forces) Examples: two boxes pushing each other, solving a system for contact force, frictional force, applied force When in doubt draw a free body diagram Frictional force = coefficient of friction * normal force Inclined planes mg always acts downwards and will be resolved into two vectors, use same angle as incline c. Work, energy, power (5%) i. Work and work-energy theorem Work = force*distance Work = change in KE ii. Conservative forces and potential energy PE = mgh, KE = ½ mv^2 iii. Conservation of energy: KE1 + PE1 = KE2 + PE2 iv. Power P = work/time P = Fv Units energy is joules, work is joules, power is watts d. Systems of particles, linear momentum (4%) i. Center of mass momentum = mv ii. Impulse and momentum Impulse is change in momentum Ft = m*∆v iii. Conservation of linear momentum, collisions Elastic collision: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1’ + m2v2’, kinetic energy conserved Inelastic collision: m1v1 + m2v2 = v’(m1 + m2), deformation occurs, and energy is lost Recoil: 0 = m1v1’ + m2v2’ e. Circular motion and rotation (4%) i. Uniform circular motion F = mv^2/r Centripetal acceleration always acts toward center of circle Velocity is always tangent to the circle Don’t put centripetal force on a free body diagram ii. Torque and rotational statics meter stick and balancing weights lab, multiply force * distance on each object and add all objects together on each side of meter stick You will be solving for distance to the object or the weight of the object Be careful whether you are solving for mass or weight and what the question is asking for Pulleys the larger weight will be moving downwards Mg – T = ma or T – mg = ma Might need to combine with kinematics equations to solve for distance an object falls or time it takes to fall f. Oscillations and gravitation (6%) i. Simple harmonic motion (dynamics and energy relationships) Elastic potential energy = ½ kx^2 1/f = T, 1/T = f, freq = cycles/sec Frequency units hertz Period units seconds F = -kx (Hooke’s law) force is always in opposite direction from displacement ii. Mass on a spring Period of a mass and spring = 2*pi*sqrt(m/k) iii. Pendulum and other oscillations Period of a pendulum = 2*pi*sqrt(l/g) **mass does NOT affect the period of a pendulum iv. Newton’s law of gravity F = Gm1m2/r^2 Everything has a gravitational force between them, its most noticeable when we are referring to planets. G is on your constant sheet Another equation for period is T = (2*pi*R)/vel v. Orbits of planets and satellites Kepler’s Laws 1st – every planet moves with an elliptical orbit 2nd – as planet moves in its orbit, a line drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals 3rd – if T is the period and a is the length of the axis of the planet’s orbit, the ratio of T^2/a^3 is the same for all planets Satellite speed = sqrt(GM/R) II. Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Physics (15%) a. Fluid Mechanics (6%) i. Hydrostatic pressure The pressure is the same as long as it’s the same depth P = F/A , density = mass/volume P = pgh Pabs = Patm + pgh Patm = 1 x 10^5 Pa = 1 atm ii. Buoyancy Archimedes Principle - Weight of displaced fluid is equal to buoyant force W = Vgp iii. Fluid flow continuity Volume flow rate = velocity * area, as area goes up velocity will go down iv. Bernoulli’s equation P1 + pgy + ½ pv^2 = P2 + pgy2 + ½ pv2^2 Most common examples are the big tank with a hole in the side and calculate the velocity of the water Bernoulli affect – when velocity is very high, pressure will be low Ex: airplane, perfume bottle, Frisbee b. Temperature and heat (2%) i. Mechanical equivalent of heat C = 5/9 (F – 32) F = 9/5*C + 32 Heat – thermal energy that is being transferred fro one object to another Specific Heat Q = mc∆T Q = heat, c = specific heat, T = temperature, m = mass Efficiency = (1 – heat out)/heat in Efficiency = work/heat in ii. Heat transfer and thermal expansion Linear thermal expansion ∆l = αl∆T c. Kinetic theory and thermodynamics (7%) i. Ideal gases 1. kinetic model KE = 3/2 kT 2. ideal gas law III. PV = nRT ii. laws of thermodynamics 1. first law (including processes on PV diagrams) First law of thermo U = Q + W U = internal energy, Q = heat, W = work done on/by the system Internal energy only depends on Temperature according to U = 3/2nRT 4 processes Abidiatic – heat in = heat out Isochoric – volume constant , no work done Isothermal – temperature constant Isobaric – constant pressure Work = area under curve The steeper the slope, the higher the temperature Electricity and Magnetism (25%) a. Electrostatics (5%) i. Charge, field and potential Field always flows out of positive and into negative Field inside a conductor is zero, all charger is distributed on outer edge Field is always perpendicular to surface E = F/q E = kQ/r^2 E = V/d Do not include charge sign when calculating field or force Find directions by looking at a diagram and deciding if charges are attracting or repelling Electric potential energy= V*q PE = kq1q2/r Potential energy = work K = 9 x 10^9 K might also be seen as ¼*pi*e Potential difference = voltage V = kQ/r ii. Coulomb’s law and field and potential of point charges Coulomb’s law F = kq1q2/r^2 iii. Fields and potentials of other charge distributions Ex: three charges in a row, which way does the overall field or force point b. conductors and capacitors (4%) i. parallel plate Capacitors store charge, one plate is positive and the other is negative The smaller the distance between the plates, the more the capacitance Capacitors units are farads, often seen as microfarads C = Q/V C = eA/d e is constant = 8.85 x 10^-12 c. Electric circuits (7%) i. Current, resistance, power V = IR Voltage volts I = current amps R = resistance ohms Resistivity R = pl/A Power watts Power = VI = V^2/R = I^2*R Resistors add when in series, and current is constant across series Resistors combine by formula in parallel and voltage is constant ii. Steady state direct current circuits Kirchoff’s rules 1st – Kirchoff’s voltage rule – sum of potential differences must equal zero 2nd – Kirchoff’s Current rule – all current coming into a node must equal all current leaving the node iii. Capacitors in circuits Capacitors in parallel will add Capacitors in series will combine using the formula 1/C +1/C2 = 1/Ctotal Capacitors in parallel have same voltage across all Capacitors in series have constant charge across all d. Magnetic fields (4%) Field lines flow North to south Poles can’t be isolated because of continuous current lines i. Forces on moving charges in magnetic fields Magnetic field and velocity/current always act in the same plane and force will act at a 90 degree angle 3 right hand rules 1 thumb is velocity or current, first finger is magnetic field, middle finger is magnetic force 2 thumb points in direction of current, fingers curl in direction of magnetic field 3 thumb points in direction of magnetic field, and fingers curl in direction of induced current ii. Forces on current carrying wires in magnetic fields F = iLB force on a current carrying wire F = qvB force on a charge iii. Fields of long current carrying wires B = uI/2*pi*r U = 1.257 x 10^-6 e. Electromagnetism (5%) i. Electromagnetic induction (faraday’s law and Lenz’s law) Flux = area * magnetic field Faraday’s law emf = flux/time Emf = Blv This is only the emf in one loop, if the coil has multiple loops, multiply by the number of loops or turns The quicker the change in magnetic field, the stronger the induced voltage Lenz’s law – a current can be induced in a closed loop when magnetic flux is changing Systems don’t like change, current will be induced to oppose the change in flux IV. Waves and Optics (15%) a. Wave motion (including sound) (5%) i. Properties of traveling waves Wave terminology crest, trough, amplitude, frequency, wavelength Sound is longitudinal and light is transverse, remember light waves can be polarized Transverse – wave moves up and down Longitudinal – wave moves back and forth Speed = wavelength * frequency Wave speed in standing wave = sqrt(tension/u) u = mass of string/length of string ii. Properties of standing waves Node and antinode, string is attached at both ends Wavelength = 2L/n Frequency = nv/2L n = number of loops L = length of rope full loop is half a wavelength Resonant frequency one loop When tube is open at one end and closed at the other F = nv/4L Wavelength = 4L/n Sound waves beat frequency – difference between frequencies, how many times is it in phase every second iii. Doppler effect – relative motion of sound and observer, detect different frequencies If source is moving toward observer, hear a louder sound If source moving away from observe, hear a softer sound 4 equations, two for when source is moving, two for when observer is moving iv. Superposition – two waves occupy the same space at the same time Destructive interference – crest meets trough and wave disappears Constructive interference – crest meets crest and waves grows b. Physical optics (5%) i. Interference and diffraction Young’s Double slit experiment – showed the wave nature of light because a series of light and dark bands appeared on the screen This showed the constructive and destructive interference of light waves Equation wavelength = dx/mL d = distance between slits x = distance between light bands m = how many light bands are we talking about L = distance from screen to slits Wavelength is related to distance between light bands, if one goes down so does the other ii. Dispersion of light and the electromagnetic spectrum Ranges from radio waves with very long wavelengths to gamma waves with very short wavelengths Visible light is the colors we see ROY G. BIV – red has longest wavelength and shortest frequency and violet has shortest wavelength and greatest frequency, both travel at the speed of light c. Geometric optics (5%) see below i. Reflection and refraction ii. Mirrors – reflection iii. Lenses – refraction V. Atomic and Nuclear Physics (10%) a. Atomic physics and quantum effects (7%) i. Photons, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, x-rays Photoelectric effect – photons emitted from a light source hit a metal plate, all energy is transferred to an electron. The electron uses part of the energy to escape (work function) and part turns into KE. Eph = KE + work function Photons – unit of electromagnetic energy Two different Planck’s constants, one is in J*s and the other is in eV*s. Either one is acceptable as long as it is used consistently and the correct units are put with it. Einstein told us that Photons don’t have mass. ii. Atomic energy levels The more the energy level, the shorter the wavelength Photon energy can be thought of as the difference in energy levels E = hf E = hc/wavelength E = pc p = h/wavelength Bohr Model – told us how electrons orbited around a nucleus. An electron must move from a high energy to a low energy to emit a photon and an electron can only move to a higher energy level if it absorbs some energy. iii. Wave-particle duality Everything has wave particle duality. However if something has a very large mass, its particle qualities overrun the wavelength qualities so we don’t notice it. If something is very small then wavelength and particle nature have to be considered. b. Nuclear physics (3%) i. Nuclear reactions Atomic number number of protons Atomic mass total number of protons and neutrons Conservation of nucleons – even though protons can turn into neutrons and vice versa, the total number of both combined will remain the same. Nuclear Fission – Atom breaking into smaller pieces, but those pieces in mass won’t add up to the total original mass of the atom, some mass has changed into energy by Einstein’s equation ii. Mass-energy equivalence E = mc^2 Optics review sheet Mirrors Convex – image always virtual, upright, reduced Concave Distance Further than 2f 2f Between 2f and f F Between f and lens Upright or inverted Inverted Inverted Inverted No image Upright Size of image Enlarged or reduced Reduced same Enlarged No image Enlarged Real or virtual Real real Real No image Virtual Lenses Converging lens – always thick at the center and thin at the edges Distance Upright or Size of image Real or virtual inverted Enlarged or reduced Further than 2f Inverted Reduced Real 2f Inverted same real Between 2f and f Inverted Enlarged Real F No image No image No image Between f and Upright Enlarged Virtual lens Diverging – always thin in the middle and thick at the edges images are always virtual, upright, and reduced Sign Conventions Mirrors If object and image are on the same side, the focal length is positive. If magnification and image height is positive, then the image is upright. Lenses If object and image are on opposite sides of the lens the focal length is positive. If the image distance is positive, the image is on the opposite side of the lens as the object. If magnification and image height are positive, then the image is upright. Equations Mirror or lens equation Magnification equation Index of refraction n = c/v Snell’s Law n1sinθ = n2sinθ Law of reflection – angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection The more narrow the angle with respect to the normal to the surface, the slower the speed of light in the medium The higher the refraction index the slower light will move through it. n2>n1 v2<v1