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Packet 10 I am a type of bacteria cell that cause most dental infections. I can survive in a wound that does not contain oxygen. (2 words) Although I can catch flies in my trap, I still must make my own food using the sun’s energy to survive I cannot make my own food internally and must eat to obtain energy for life. I must have oxygen to survive. I am cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. • Prokaryotic = no nucleus or membrane bound organelles; simple cells • Eukaryotic = nucleus & membrane bound organelles (cells are more complex). • Unicellular • Multicellular = organisms made up of many cells • Autotroph = make usable energy/food internally (i.e. = organism made up of 1 cell photosynthesis) • Heterotroph = needs to eat to gain energy Classification of Living Things (Kingdom Characteristics) Bacteria Eukarya Domain Archaea Kingdom Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE Examples Bacteria that live in harsh environments (extremophiles) Bacteria that live in/on you, strep and E. coli Paramecium, Amoeba and Euglena Mushrooms, Mosses, Ferns, Pine Mold and trees, Flowering yeast (unicellular) Plants Kingdom ANIMALIA Sponges, Worms, Insects, Reptiles, Fish, Humans Cell Type (Pro or Eukaryote) PROKARYOTIC Number of Cells (unicellular or multicellular) All UNICELLULAR Cell Wall (absent or present) Present Present in some PRESENT PRESENT ABSENT Nutrition (Autotroph or Heterotroph) Both (depends on type) Both (depends on type) All are All are All are Important Extra Info. EUKARYOTIC Mostly Mostly UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR ALL BACTERIA used to be classified Often categorized as into one Kingdom called Kingdom plant-like, animal-like Monera or fungus-like All All MULTICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPH AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH Called the great decomposers Carnivorous plants Only kingdom in (ex: Venus flytrap) which all organisms are still considered lack a cell wall. autotrophs. VIRUSES are not living therefore they aren’t classified in any of the kingdoms. Once we had all of these different types of organisms, scientists wanted to organize or classify them. The classification system is constantly changing since new organisms are found and we have new techniques to look at the differences between the organisms. In the past, similarities in appearance were primarily used to group organisms. Now with new technology, scientists are using molecular evidence (DNA, RNA and proteins which are called _______________________ biological molecules to group organisms. Today, we classify all living organisms based upon a system that was developed over 200 years ago by a by a Swedish botanist named Linnaeus. _____________ • Linnaeus wanted to create a system that organized all living things into several broad categories that he called Kingdoms _________________________. At the time, scientists thought that every living thing fit into one of Plants Animals two kingdoms: _____________ and ______________ Taxonomy ___________________________ – the study of placing organisms in to classification groups (or taxa) based upon characteristics that they possess. Scientific technology is continually improving which allows us to see more detailed differences between organisms. Over time, Linnaeus’s classification system expanded to include more Kingdoms based on these newly found differences. Table 1: Changing Number of Kingdoms Original division Plantae (written in latin) 1950-1990 TODAY Bacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Animalia Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Linnaeus’s original classification system was made up of 7 levels called taxa (pleural form); Linnaeus’s taxa (largest to smallest) KINGDOM ____________________________ (the broadest or largest taxon) PHYLUM _____________________________ CLASS ____________________________ ORDER __________________________ FAMILY ________________________ GENUS ______________________ SPECIES _________________(the most specific or inclusive taxon) Example:__________________ HUMANS Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata Hominidae Homo sapiens Each category continued to be divided into smaller and smaller groups until the only one type of organism, called a Species _________________________________ was identified. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species To be the same species the organisms had to: Be able to reproduce • ________________________________ Produce offspring that can have offspring • ___________________________________________________ Similar organisms that may be the same genus but not the same species can sometimes reproduce under artificial conditions. Two examples of interbreeding between two different species are: Horse Donkey ____________+ _____________=> MULE ………Mule x Mule = no offspring Liger Liger Liger Lion + Tiger => _______________ => __________x__________= no offspring In the above examples, the parents are different species which results in their offspring being sterile (meaning that when the offspring reach adulthood, they are unable to have their own offspring). Current Classification System Domain _____________________a new level (which is larger than a kingdom) has been added to the current classification system. Based on new research, all living things in the six kingdoms were placed into one of the 3 Domains: Eubacteria Domain Bacteria - includes all of kingdom _______________________ (also known as the ‘true bacteria’) Archaebacteria (also Domain Archaea - includes all of the kingdom __________________ known as the ‘ancient bacteria’) Protista Domain Eukarya - includes the kingdoms _______________________, Fungi Plantae _______________________, __________________ & Animalia _________________________ (all of which are eukaryotes Fill in the correct taxa for the new (current) structure of the classification system: OMAIN INGDOM HYLUM LASS RDER AMILY ENUS PECIES Linnaeus also created a system of naming all living things called binomial nomenclature ____________________ _____________________. According to this system, each organism should be given a two-word name, SCIENTIFIC NAME called a________________________________. The same name is used for a species regardless of the language that a person speaks or the region they live in. LATIN Most names are in______________________. Rules for writing Scientific names: HUMANS Ex: The scientific name for _________________is Homo sapiens GENUS The first word of each name is the organism’s ________________(i.e. Homo). The first letter of this name should always be capitalized. The second word of each organism’s name is the ______________ SPECIES _indentifier (i.e sapiens). This name should always be in all lower case and written in italic letters Phylogeny – Classifying organisms based upon their evolutionary relationships. Cladogram or Phylogenetic tree a diagram that looks a bit like a family tree, showing who the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Each of these creatures has an evolutionary relationship to one another. They all share a common origin, and their current forms are all derived from branching events somewhere in the phylogenetic past. 1. Which animal is the most primitive? HAGFISH 2. What features are shared by the salamander & mouse? JAWS & LUNGS 3. Does the hagfish possess a jaw? NO 4. Why is the derived characteristic ‘feathers’ not written on the main axis like all of the other characteristics? BECAUSE ONLY BIRDS HAVE FEATHERS jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs kangaroo earthworm amoeba lizard cat sponge salmon segmented Derived Characteristics + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + - A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms. Use the chart below to construct a cladogram. (+ = present; - = not present) A classification key, also knows as a Dichotomous key, is useful in identifying unknown organisms (but is not limited to being used with living things). Use the dichotomous key to identify the organisms by their scientific names. Organism A Organism B Organism C Passer domesticus Ophiophagus hannah Pinus ponderosa Organism D Monodon monoceros 1a. organism with two or four functional legs . . . go to 2 1b. organism without two or four legs . . . . . . . . . go to 3 2a. organism without wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canis familiaris 2b. organism with wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passer domesticus 3a. organism is unicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 4 3b. organism is multicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 5 4a. organism swims freely in water . . . . . . . . . . . Balantidium sp 4b. organism is anchored to substrate . . . . . . . . . Stentor sp. 5a. organism is heterotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 6 5b. organism is autotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 7 6a. organism lives in ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monodon monoceros 6b. organism lives on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ophiophagus hannah 7a. organism is a tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus ponderosa 7b. organism is an herb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taraxicum officinale Examples of Protists Structure Function Cilia MOVEMENT Oral Groove WHERE FOOD ENTERS Adaptive advantage CILIA HELP TO SWEEP FOOD INTO THE ORAL GROOVE PREVENTS CELLS FROM POPPING DUE TO OSMOSIS CAN SURROUND Pseudopod “FAKE FOOT” – FOOD ITEM AND or BRINGS IN FOOD BRING IT INTO THE Pseudopodia CELL Contractile Vacuole PUMPS WATER OUT Food Vacuole STORES FOOD Eyespot SENSES & ABSORBS LIGHT Flagellum MOVEMENT WHERE FOOD IS BROKEN DOWN BY ENZYMES USES ENERGY FROM THE LIGHT TO POWER THE FLAGELLA While plants are very diverse, there are several characteristics that they all share: MULTICELLULAR(made up of many cells) They are all _________________ They are all ______________ EUKARYOTIC their cells contain a nucleus & membrane bound organelles CELL WALLmade of Their cells are surrounded by a ___________ CELLULOSE a large carbohydrate. ______________, AUTOTROPHS that undergo photosynthesis (they Are _________________ make their own food); Their green color comes from a pigment called CHLOROPHYLL __________________. General Overview Plant Life Plants Grow Most primitive plants Mosses Ferns most complex plants Gymnosperm s Angiosperms Flowers & seeds enclosed in a fruit Seeds Vascular Tissue Algae (an aquatic protist) Cuticle (waterproofing) 4 Types of Plants Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms Mosses Ferns Gymnosperm s Angiosperms Flowers & seeds enclosed in a fruit Seeds Vascular Tissue Algae (an aquatic protist) Cuticle (waterproofing) • Plants are thought to have evolved from __________________ GREEN ALGAE (an aquatic plant-like protist) • To survive on land, plants needed a waterproof layer called a ____________________. CUTICLE • NONVASCULAR VERSUS VASCULAR PLANTS NON-VASCULAR •Mosses are called _____________________ plants since they do not have veins. • These plants must grow low to the ground. They get their nutrients and water by diffusion and osmosis. • Vascular plants have veins (like the blood vessels in your body) that allow for movement of material throughout the plant. Two kinds of vascular tissue allow for this movement: ________________ - transports _____________ up from the XYLEM WATER roots to the leaves. FOOD/NUTRIENTS PHLOEM ______________transports ____________________ down to store & up to use. A piece of celery has been placed into water with food coloring in it – describe what you see: There are strings in the celery (vascular tissue – xylem/phloem) that transport the colored water up. You can see the spots of dye within these strings. Because of their veins, vascular plants are able to have true organs such as: Organ Roots Stems Leaves Purpose Absorbs nutrients & water from the environment; anchors the plant to the ground Allows plant to grow upright toward the sun Acts like solar panels; absorbing sunlight needed for photosynthesis. BALANCE Plants maintain water ______________ by opening and STOMA closing holes called _____________ on their leaves. In dry conditions or during the heat of the day plants can close these holes to prevent water loss. If a plant has an excess of water, then the holes remain open and water can exit the leaves through the holes. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen through holes on their leaves. CARBON DIOXIDE is _______________________ taken in. Water has traveled from ROOTS into the leaves the ____________ and light shines down on the leaves. The carbon dioxide, water and light are all the necessary ingredients for ______________________. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Glucose and ___________________are products OXYGEN of this reaction. The oxygen exits through the holes of the leaves. Some of the glucose is converted into useable energy for the plants’ life functions. The rest of the glucose is used to build structures inside of the plant. Photosynthesis CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H 2O + (water) light C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose) (oxygen) Adaptation - In a tropical rain forest very little light penetrates through the canopy of the trees down to the forest floor. An adaptation of some of the plants living here are very large leaves. Explain how large leaves is an adaptation for these plants. LARGE LEAVES HAVE MORE SURFACE AREA TO CATCH MORE SUNLIGHT SO THE PLANT CAN UNDERGO PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Modified Leaves Photosynthesis X X X X X X STAMEN – MALE PART ANTHER – MAKES POLLEN FILAMENT STIGMA – STICKY TO CATCH POLLEN PETALS – ATTRACT POLLINATORS SEPAL STYLE PISTIL – FEMALE PART OVARY – FORMS A FRUIT OVULES – FORMS SEEDS STEM After Pollination occurs, a fertilized egg forms into an embryo inside of aSEED ________ with 3 basic parts: __________ EMBRYO - another term for the baby (plant) _____________ SEED COAT - surrounds & protects the baby plant _______________ ENDOSPERM - the food that the embryo will consume to survive until it is able to grow leaves and use photosynthesis to make food. Seed Germination Plant Reproduction Seed Dispersal = moving seeds away from the parent plant to increase chances of survival. Angiosperms have improved seed dispersal by developing different ways to spread their seeds further away from the parent plant. The OVARY ripens and forms into a ________ FRUIT around the seed. Angiosperms have evolved to produce fruits of many shapes and sizes, each with the purpose to help disperse or spread the seeds FRUIT = the part of the plant that _______ contains seeds. Characteristics of seeds dispersed by: Wind & water -WIND = LIGHT; WATER = BUOYANT/FLOAT _______________________________________________________ Animals FRUIT EATEN & POOPED OUT, HOOKS/BURRS, TOUCH SENSITIVE ____________________________________________________________ Once seeds are dispersed, they often enter a state of dormancy, an _____________ which increases a plants chance of survival: ADAPTATION Factors that trigger a seed to end dormancy are: WATER ________ and TEMPERATURE Function of Flower Seed Dispersal Plants grow, reproduce, and shift the position of their roots, stems and leaves in response to environmental conditions such as LIGHT, GRAVITY, TOUCH _____________________ A tropism is a plant’s response to an external stimulus. Types of tropisms PHOTOTROPISM ____________________– growth of plant towards the light GRAVITROPISM ____________________- direction of plant growth in response to gravity. Plant Adaptations Adaptations of Plants Specialized Leaves Nature Adaptation Series Plant & Animal Adaptations Plants-in-Motion (tropism) Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia From the fossil record, we can determine that the first animals appeared on earth approximately 1.2 billion years ago. These first animals were very simple organism, similar to the sponges still found in our oceans today. Animal Adaptations No matter how simple or complex, all animals have certain characteristics in common: MULTICELLULAR which means they are They are all __________________ made up of more than one cell. They are all _____________ EUKARYOTIC which means their cells have a __________ NUCLEUS (protects their DNA - genetic information) and has membrane bound structures with ORGANELLES specialized jobs called ______________. They are all _________________ HETEROTROPHIC because they must consume other organic materials to get energy (their cells cannot make their own food). All animals show similarities in body design and patterns of development. Looking at these patterns suggests an evolutionary relationship among all animals. The pictures shown represent 9 different phyla of animals, each one contains animals with similar characteristics. Bilateral symmetry: when there is only one way to divide something into mirror image halves Radial symmetry: parts arranged around a central point Bilateral symmetry: when there is only one way to divide something into mirror image halves Radial symmetry: parts arranged around a central point Based upon this cladogram, what is the common ancestor of all animals? ________________ A PROTIST 2. Which group of animals is the most primitive (primitive = simplest)? _____________________ SPONGE 1. Bilateral symmetry: when there is only one way to divide something into mirror image halves Radial symmetry: parts arranged around a central point Which group is the most complex? ___________________________________________ THE CHORDATES 2. Which group of animals is more closely related to the Molluscs: ECHINODERMS or ROUNDWORMS (circle one) 1. Like most organisms on the planet, through mutation and natural selection, animals changed over time as they adapted to new and changing environments. Eventually early animals ventured onto land. This presented several struggles: lack of support, water loss and new methods of reproduction Vertebrate or Invertebrate: One feature used to describe animals is whether they have a backbone or not. INVERTEBRATES Majority of animals are ________________________, which mean that they do not have a backbone. Animals like us are VERTEBRATES _________________ which means that they have a backbone. Jellyfish Insects The vertebrates can be divided up into 5 classes (or groups) each having a unique set of characteristics: HAS FEATHERS LUNGS BACKBONE AMNIOTIC EGGS HAS FUR Key Characteristics Body Covering Reproductio n Fish Amphibia n (frogs) Reptiles Birds Mammals scales Smooth moist skin Dry scaly skin Feathers Skin, hair, fur External fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Internal fertilization Internal fertilization Complete Metamorphosis Lay Leathery eggs on land Lay hard shelled eggs on land Give birth to live young 3-chamber heart 3-chamber 4-chamber 4-chamber heart (most) heart heart Aquatic Eggs Development Ext. Develop. Heart 2-chamber heart Aquatic Eggs Birds Reproduction Most animals reproduce _____________ SEXUALLY which creates genetic variation among offspring. INTERNAL ________________________ - fertilization/development of the egg occurs inside the body _______________________ - fertilization/development of EXTERNAL the egg occurs outside the body Animals that rely upon external fertilization and/or development typically lay 100’s to 1000’s of eggs. Why? BECAUSE MANY WILL DIE Most mammals have internal development – baby develops inside mom surrounded by a PLACENTA ______________________ which controls nutrient and gas exchange between mom and baby. Growth & Development Some animals like arthropods (crabs, spiders, insects) must _______ MOLT or shed their exoskeleton in order to grow. During this time they are vulnerable since they need to wait for their new skeleton to harden. Animals use chemicals called _____________ HORMONES to help cause changes needed for growth & development. Some organisms, including grasshoppers & frogs, undergo METAMORPHOSIS or a major change to become ______________________ an adult. There are two types: INCOMPLETE COMPLETE Why might it be an advantage for the juvenile (tadpole) and adult frog to live in different environments? THEY WON’T COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER. OXYGEN and release _______________________. CARBON DIOXIDE Animals take in ____________ LUNGS Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals all have ___________. There are many blood vessels within the lungs so the oxygen can go right into the bloodstream for delivery throughout the body. Some organisms such as frogs and worms can also breathe absorb oxygen through their SKIN ________. The skin of MOIST these organisms must stay __________. What do tadpoles use for gas exchange? GILLS ________ HETEROTROPHIC which means Animals are _______________________, they must eat. The typical digestive system of animals includes a mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. MOUTH/STOMACH breaks down the The ________________________ food. SMALL INTESTINES main job is to The _________________________ absorb the nutrients from the food. There are many blood vessels attached to the small intestine so the nutrients enter directly into the blood stream and are transported throughout the body. LARGE INTESTINES absorbs excess The ________________________ water and creates solid waste. This system is modified depending on an animal’s diet. Stomach The intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It is not a smooth tube, but instead the inside surface is covered with many folds (villi). How does the surface of the small intestine help with its function? ________________________________________________ THE VILLI INCREASE SURFACE AREA TO ABSORB ____________________________________________ MORE NUTRIENTS. Most animals have a ________________ CIRCULATORY system to transport food, gasses and wastes throughout the body. The circulatory system of many animals includes a _________ HEART to pump the blood through the arteries, veins and capillaries. In larger organisms this network of blood vessels is necessary to ensure blood carrying nutrients and oxygen makes it to all parts of the body. As animals evolved and became more complex, they developed more efficient systems for transporting material through their bodies. Heart 3 chambered Amphibians and some reptiles have a ____ ECTOTHERMIC heart and are __________________ - rely on the environment to maintain their body temperature. Birds and mammals have a ___ 4 chambered heart and ENDOOTHERMIC are _______________________, maintain own body temperature internally. A 3-chambered heart would not work for humans because there is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood so both are sent out to the body. This system works in amphibians because they have another method of getting oxygen into their blood stream… SKIN using their ______________.