Download Psychology 30 Unit 2: Prenatal Review Questions 1. Based on the

Psychology 30
Unit 2: Prenatal
Review Questions
1.
Based on the role play activity, what are five things to consider when deciding to
have children. Why you want children, financially ready, stable relationship,
personal qualities, appropriate lifestyle, physical environment is appropriate,
child care, support system, health both physical and mental, etc.
2.
The foundations for major organs such as the heart, lungs and brain (3 things)
take place before the end of the first three months.
3.
What is a zygote? A fertilized egg
4.
“What goes on in the womb before you are born is just as important to who you
are as your genes .”
5.
When pre-natal development goes off track, what is often the cause? An
external factor which disrupts the genetic program
6.
Define blastocyst Around 4th day, cell clump becomes 2 distinct layers
wrapped around a fluid filled core. This mass embeds itself in the wall of
the uterus. Outer layer becomes the placenta, the inner becomes the
embryo.
endoderm Layer of the blastocyst that becomes the gastrointestinal tract
ectoderm Becomes the brain, spinal cord, and skin
mesoderm Offshoot of the ectoderm called the “primitive streak” forms a
new line called the mesoderm which becomes the heart, lungs, and other internal
organs
7.
How does the small cluster of cells created at the beginning “know” how to lay
out its body axis?
Every organism has a set of HOX genes which tells it how to lay out its
body axis.
8.
Define anencephaly (when the baby is born with an underdeveloped brain)
and spina bifida (when the spine doesn’t close completely over the spinal
cord) (Neural tube defects often are a result of lack of folic acid)?
9.
What is the placenta and what does it do? (A temporary organ produced by
the blastocyst. The outer ring of cells are aggressive and invade the
mother’s uterine wall and tap into her blood vessels. They trick her
immune system into tolerating the embryo’s presence. Its main job is to let
good things (nutrition) in and keep bad things out.
10.
How many weeks is a normal gestation period? 38 weeks (40 if count 2 weeks
before conception)
11.
How is the gestation period divided? Into trimesters
12.
By what week does the following occur?
a)
Heart, lungs, spinal cord, nervous system, gastrointestinal system have all
begun to develop: By week 4
b)
Heartbeat detectable with ultrasound: 8 weeks
c)
Called an embryo: At 4 weeks
d)
Brain and face are forming/arms and legs are moving: 8 weeks
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
13.
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25.
Called a fetus: At 8 weeks
Can smile, frown, suck, swallow, and urinate: 12 weeks
Gender is distinguishable: 12 weeks
Fingernails and toenails are forming/Baby grabs and explores own body:
16 weeks
Mother begins to feel movement/Digestive system working: 18 weeks
Sucks thumb and hiccups: 20 weeks
Eyes are open/Skin covered with vernix: 24 weeks
Begins to breathe: 28 weeks
Begins to add body fat: 28 weeks
A period of intense development of brain connections begins as baby
begins to become aware of the world around: 28 weeks
Responds to sounds/Has periods of sleep and wakefulness: 32 weeks
Earliest that the fetus could survive if born prematurely, although not
without risk of permanent damage or disability: 24 weeks
What is in the nucleus of each cell? DNA
True. A woman’s ovaries are completely developed before her birth.
Where will the sperm fertilize the egg? The fallopian tube
How many sperm begin the journey? 500 million give or take How many will
succeed? One
How does the sperm actually enter the egg cell’s membrane?The head of the
sperm has an enzyme that allows it to enter. Afterwards there is a chemical
reaction in the egg to prevent any other sperm from entering
The last organ to develop is the lungs_. The fetus practices breathing by inhaling
amniotic fluid__.
True. Hand preference is developed before birth.
True.Before birth, babies exhibit the signs of dreaming.
True.Eye colour may change after birth.
What is a teratogen? Any agent that causes a birth defect
What is the danger of early exposure (structural defects, b/c organs are
forming as compared to later exposure (more likely to stunt growth or create
problems in the way organs function)
What is the effect on a fetus of exposure to alcohol? Physical effects: Low
birthweight, heart problems, smaller head, eyes, thin upper lip, smooth
underneath nose, slower than normal childhood development. Mental
effects: moderate to extreme learning disability, lower intelligence, poor
planning and impulse control, no grasp of abstract thought including
consequences, poor memory, difficulty with processing auditory
information. Behavioural issues: because of the cognitive limitations, often
behavioural problems in school and with the law.
Make a chart with 3 types of psychoactive teratogens (nicotine plus two other
illegal substances. Give 2 examples for each category. List the effects of all
three.
Nicotine
• Miscarriage and infant death (sudden infant death syndrome)
•
•
•
•
Premature birth
Low birthweight
Respiratory problems
Poorer language and cognitive skills later (age 4)
Cocaine
•
•
•
•
Marijuana
•
•
Low birthweight, smaller length, and head size
Impaired motor development (age 2)
Impaired information processing
Increased tremors and startles in newborns
Poorer verbal and memory development at 4 yrs. Old
Heroin
Born addicted to the drug so show withdrawal symptoms
• Tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep,
impaired motor control
Behavioural problems at 1 year old
Attention deficits may appear later in a child’s development
26.
What are some of the risks and effects of teratogens for fathers? (Name 2.)
Lead, radiation, pesticides, petrochemicals - abnormalities in sperm which
could cause miscarriage or disease (ie childhood cancer)
Low vit C - higher risk of birth defects & cancer
cocaine - may attach to sperm
MJ - low sperm count
age - Downs, dwarfism , limb abnormalities
27.
Name a legal teratogen and state the effect.
Caffeine: increased risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, pre-mature births
28.
Define gamete (sex cells/sperm or ova), gene (basic unit of genetic info,
have about 30,000), DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid, the substance that genes
are made of, it determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it
will function), and chromosome (rod shaped portions of DNA organized in 23
pairs)
29.
How is genetic information passed from parent to child? 23 chromosomes in
sperm, 23 in ova so each parent contributes 1 of the 2 chromosomes in
each of the 23 pairs)
30.
What are the two types of twins? How are they determined?Monozygotic,
genetically identical, the fertilized egg splits during first 2 weeks of
pregnancy. Dizygotic, 2 sperm fertilize 2 eggs at roughly the same time.
No more alike than ordinary siblings
31.
How is the gender of the child determined? By father, 23rd chromosome, mom
always contribes XX, Dad could contribute an X or a Y. If a Y, the XY will
produce a boy.
32.
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42.
Define dominant trait (the trait that is visible), recessive trait (a trait that is
present but not observable), genotype (underlying combination of genetic
material present but not necessarily visible), and phenotype (combination of
genetype and the environment, it is what’s observable).
The gene for brown eyes is dominant. The gene for blue eyes is recessive. If
the father has one brown eye gene and one blue eye gene (Bb) and the mother
has two blue eye genes (bb), what colour eyes does each of them have? (Dad
brown, mom blue) What is the chance that their child will have brown eyes?
50% brown, 50% blue
What is polygenetic inheritance? A combination of multiple gene pairs that is
responsible for a single trait (ie schizophrenia)
Why are males more likely to be colour blind? It is an X chromosome related
condition. Since males only have one X chromosome. If they carry the
recessive gene, it will be expressed b/c there is no other X chromosome
that might carry a dominant gene to counteract this.
Name and describe the three stages of birth.
First: longest, 12 to 24 hours, contractions start 15 to 20 minutes apart and
last a minute, cervix stretches open with contractions, at end 2 to 5 min.
apart, ends when cervix is 8 to 10 cm dilated.
Second: 90 min., starts when baby enters birth canal, ends with baby
emerging, with contractions mom pushes baby out, at end contractions
every minute.
Third: few minutes, placenta and umbilical cord emerge.
What is the Leboyer method? Focus on making it easier for baby, no brights
lights or harsh noises or being hung upside down and slapped. Baby is
placed on mom’s stomach for a chance to bond, then given a warm bath.
What is the Lamaze method? Focus on making it easier for mom. Coping
with pain through breathing and relaxation techniques.
Define the following:
a) caesarian section surgical removal of the baby
b) epidural anesthetic to freeze from the waist down
c) breech birth baby is turned around, comes out rear first
d) precipitate delivery baby travels through birth canal too fast, less than 10
minutes, disturbs blood flow, pressure on head can cause hemorrhaging.
e) anoxia if delivery takes too long this can occur. Insufficient oxygen. Can
cause brain damage.
What is the APGAR scale? A test to assess the health of a newborn What
does each letter stand for? Appearance (colour), Pulse (heart beat), Grimace
(irritability reflex, cry or cough, pull away), Activity (movement),
Respiration (breathing).
What is a normal score? 7 to 10
What are the arguments for and against genetic testing? What do you personally
believe? Why? Refer to the case studies in the video “Measuring Up” to support
your answer.
For: - for self, would allow you to know the future and prepare(video Huntington’s
case)
-for unborn child, can abort a “defect”(CF case) (who should decide what is
a “defect”? Are we just engaging in a more advanced form of eugenics? (like
Hitler did), Are some “defects” more acceptable in society? (thalidomide case)
-we may be able to cure a fetus before birth
-or it allows parents to plan and prepare, may start early intervention if
available for some conditions
-could create children with ideal characteristics (smart society, no more
bullying b/c child is different)
Against: -just because we can, should we?
-are we “playing God”?
-do we want a perfect world? Or do we learn from people with differences
(like Down’s case, 9 of 10 choose to abort a pregnancy if Down’s test is positive)
-would some take it too far and create designer babies?
-who would have access to this info?
-would we have genetic discrimination?
The test will be multiple choice, true/false, fill in the blank, matching, short answer and
one long answer question.
The test will be multiple choice, true/false, fill in the blank, and short answer.