Download SENIOR HEALTH REPRODUCTION

Puberty
• A time in life when humans become
capable of reproduction. Egg cells
mature in girls and sperm are
produced in boys. The social and
emotional maturity necessary for
parenting is reached later than
physical maturity
Sex
• Term used to refer
to male or female
gender or to the
physical part of a
relationship
Sexuality
• Refers to all aspects of a person’s
maleness or femaleness, including
thoughts, experiences, roles, feelings
and fantasies
Physical changes at PUBERTY!
Phsyical changes at Puberty
• Similar changes in boys and girls
– Pituitary gland in brain stimulates
pubertal changes
– Growth of hair under arms, on legs and
in groin
– Growth spurt – height and weight
• Girls 9-16 (average 10-13)
• Boys 10-18 (average 11-14)
• Increased gland secretions of oil and
sweat… which often results in acne and/or
body odor…
SOOOOO........
PUT ON
DEODARANT
DAILY!!!
• Size of sexual organs varies greatly and
usually does not affect sexual or
reproductive function
•Male Reproductive
System
EXTERNAL PARTS
• Penis – the male reproductive and urinary
organ
– Organ size increases and decreases due to
blood flow
– Size of penis varies
– Some penises are circumcised at birth to
remove foreskin
• Scrotum – contains the testicles
– The scrotum keeps the sperm at proper
temperature (about 92.6, six degrees below
body temperature
Changes in size and shape with warmth or cold
INTERNAL PARTS
• Testicles – produce sperm and
testosterone (male hormone)
• Vas Deferens – tubes through which
sperm passes out of testicles
• Urethra – tube through which semen
passes out of the penis and through which
urine passes out of the bladder. Urine and
semen never flow through the urethra at
the same time
• Sperm – mixes with milky fluid called
semen from the seminal vesicle
– Production of sperm and semen is continuous
– Sperm is carried into female body by insertion
of the penis through the vagina
– Sperm matures and can produce pregnancy,
beginning at age 12-15
– Each ejaculation contains about one teaspoon
of liquid and millions of sperm
•Female Reproductive
System
EXTERNAL PARTS
• Breasts- produce milk for young
• Labia- folds of skin that cover the clitoris, urethra
and entrance to vagina
• Clitoris- small pea-sized organ that is full of
sensitive nerve endings
• Urethra- opening through which urine passes
out of the body
• Vulva- term for the outer genital area that
includes the labia, clitoris and vaginal opening
INTERNAL PARTS
VAGINA
Passage from the outside of the body to the
uterus
Entrance to the vagina is between the legs in
front of the anus
The entrance is for the penis during intercourse,
for sperm into uterus, for birth of baby, and
passage for menstrual flow
• Uterus – small,
muscular, pear
shaped organ located
in the lower abdomen.
The fetus grows in the
uterus until it is ready
to be born
• Ovaries- two organs located in the
abdomen that produce eggs and sex
hormones – estrogen and proestrogen
• Fallopian tubes- tubes through which eggs
pass from ovaries to uterus: site of
Fertilization
• Cervix- narrow end of uterus, opens into
the vagina and stretches to allow the baby
to be born
Fertilization
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
• the
development of
a fertilized
ovum outside
the uterus, as
in a Fallopian
tube
Fertilization and Genetic Mix
• The human body is
made up of 46
chromosomes
• The sperm and the
egg each contribute
23 chromosomes
• The mother’s 23 chromosomes pair up
with the father’s 23 chromosomes, side by
side
• The become intertwined tightly and then
“unzip” so the each new chromosome
contains some genes from the father and
some from the mother.
• The sperm contains either an X or Y
chromosome
• The mother’s ova contains only an X
chromosome
• When the father’s sperm contributes an X
chromosome the result is a girl: XX
• When the sperm contributes a Y
chromosome the result is a boy: XY
• The ratio of boys born to girls is 103-107
boys for every 100 girls
• After the first year of infancy,
approximately the same number of boys
are alive as girls, because infant males
tend to have a higher death rate than
infant females
• Because genetics are mixed children do
not resemble parents identically
DNA PART I
DNA PART II
DNA PART III
DNA PART IV
WHAT ABOUT TWINS?!
FRATERNAL TWINS
• Fertilization of two
different eggs by two
different sperm. The
resulting zygotes contain
different genetic
combinations.
• Can be a boy and a girl, a
boy and a boy, or a girl
and a girl
• Fraternal twins occur
more often than identical
twins – 2/3 are fraternal
Identical twins
• pair of twins who
developed from a
single fertilized ovum
and therefore have
the exact same
genetics and are
always of the same
sex
• The fertilized ovum,
the zygote, splits
Larger Multiple Births
• Triplets and larger
number of babies
may be identical or
fraternal, depending
on number of eggs
fertilized
• The more fetuses
there are, the smaller
they usually are at
birth
Development of Baby
•Day 1: Sperm joins with ovum (egg)
to form one cell – smaller than a grain of
salt. The new life has inherited 23
chromosomes from each parent, 46 in all.
This one cell contains the complex genetic
blueprint for every detail of human
development – the child’s sex, hair and
eye color, height, skin tone.
• Days 3-4: The fertilized egg
("zygote") travels down the fallopian tube
into the uterus, where the lining has been
prepared for implantation.
• Days 5-9: The zygote implants itself
in the rich lining of the uterus and begins
to draw nourishment.
• Days 10-14: The developing embryo
signals its presence in the mother's body
through chemicals and hormones,
preventing the mother from menstruating.
Three Weeks - A Beating Heart!
• DAY 28:
Foundations of the
brain, spinal cord, and
nervous system are
already established.
The backbone and
muscles are forming.
Arms, legs, eyes, and
ears have begun to
grow.
• Day 30: At one month old, the embryo is
10,000 times larger than the original
fertilized egg – and developing rapidly. The
heart is pumping increasing quantities of
blood through the circulatory system. The
placenta forms a unique barrier that keeps
the mother’s blood separate while allowing
food and oxygen to pass through to the
embryo.
Five Weeks - Tiny Fingers Form
• Now the four primitive limb
buds appear, first the arms,
then the legs. Five fingers can
be discerned in the hand.
• At this stage toxic substances
such as Thalomide may alter
or hinder limb development
despite the highly-protective
placenta.
• The head, disproportionately
large at this time, is flexed on
the rest of the body, about a
quarter inch over all. The eyes
darken as pigment is
produced.
• The umbilical cord joins the
embryo to the placenta and to
the yolk sac, which
manufactures blood cells
during the first weeks of the
Six Weeks - Brain Waves
• Brain waves can be
detected and recorded
with an
electroencephalogram.
• The liver is now taking
over the production of
blood cells, and the brain
begins to control
movement of muscles
and organs.
• The mother is about to
miss her second period
and has probably
confirmed that she is
pregnant.
8-9 Weeks - Fully Formed
•
At a little more than an inch long, the
developing life is now a fetus – Latin for
“young one”.
•
Everything is now present that will be
found in a fully developed adult. The
heart has been beating for more than
a month, the stomach produces
digestive juices, and the kidneys have
begun to function. Forty muscle sets
begin to operate in conjunction with
the nervous system.
The baby’s body responds to touch,
although the mother will not be able to
feel movement until the fourth or fifth
month.
Fingerprints are already evident in the
skin. The baby will curve his fingers
around an object placed in the palm of
his hand.
•
•
12-13 Weeks - Baby Can Smile
• The baby now sleeps, awakens, and exercises
its muscles energetically - turning his head,
curling his toes, and opening and closing his
mouth. The palm, when stroked, will make a fist.
The baby is breathing amniotic fluid to help
develop his respiratory system.
• Fine hair has begun to grown on the head and
sexual differentiation has become apparent.
Month 4 - Baby Hears Mother's
Voice
• By the end of this month,
the baby is eight to ten
inches long and weighs
half a pound or more. The
mother will probably start
to “show” now.
• The ears are functioning
and there is evidence that
the baby hears quite a bit:
the mother’s voice and
heartbeat as well as
external noises.
Month 5 - Half Way Home!
• Half the pregnancy has now
passed, and the baby is about
12 inches long.
• The mother has definitely
begun to feel movement by
now. If a sound is especially
startling, the baby may jump in
reaction.
• Babies are routinely saved
when born prematurely at 21 to
22 weeks after fertilization, and
in some cases, even younger –
babies have lived when born at
19 weeks!
Months 6-9 - Growing Baby
•
•
•
•
6th Month:Oil and sweat glands are functioning. The delicate skin of the
growing baby is protected from the fetal waters by a special ointment called
“vermix”. If the baby were born at this month and given proper care, he
would survive.
7th Month: The baby now uses the four senses of vision, hearing, taste,
and touch.
She can recognize her mother’s voice.
8th Month: The skin begins to thicken with a layer of fat stored underneath
for insulation and nourishment. Antibodies increasingly build up. The baby
absorbs a gallon of amniotic fluid per day; the fluid is completely replaced
every three hours.
9th Month: Toward the end of this month the baby is ready for birth.The
average duration of pregnancy is 280 days from the first day of the mother’s
last menstrual period, but that varies. Most babies (85-95%) are born
somewhere between 266 and 294 days. By this time the infant normally
weighs six to nine pounds, and his heart is pumping 300 gallons of blood
per day. He is fully capable of life outside the womb.
cesarean birth
• A cesarean section is
also known as a csection, which is
sometimes also written as
c/s. This type of birth is
done by a surgical
incision in the abdomen
and uterus to allow a
baby or babies to be born
safely when a vaginal
birth is not the safest
route. The current
cesarean rate in the
United States is over 30%
the end!!!!