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Biology B1a Keyword list Addictive Because they are this, many drugs cause dependency and withdrawal symptoms if they are suddenly removed. Heroin, cocaine and nicotine are all highly .... Alcohol Legal drug which slows down reaction times and may lead to lack of self-control, unconsciousness, coma, liver and brain damage. Analgesic Painkilling drug which may relieve the symptoms of an infection but does not kill the pathogens. Antibiotic Chemicals such as penicillin, made by microorganisms to kill each other. We can use them as medicines. They do not kill viruses and many bacteria are evolving resistance to them. Antiviral Drugs designed to kill viruses. Difficult to develop because viruses live inside our own cells, so the drugs often damage our cells as well. Balanced Diet Diet containing all of the necessary nutrients in the correct amounts. Carbon Monoxide Chemical found in tobacco smoke which binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing it from carrying oxygen to body cells. In pregant women this can deprive the foetus of oxygen leading to a low birth mass. Carcinogen Cancer-causing chemical, many of which are found in tobacco smoke. Cholesterol Fat-like substance made in the liver and transported in the blood. High levels increase risk of heart disease. Carried in 2 forms, 'LDL' which is bad, and 'HDL' which is good. The ratio of LDL to HDL is the important factor in determining risk of heart disease. Drug Substance which alters the way the body or mind works. May be medical or recreational, legal or illegal. Many have been known about by indigenous peoples for many years. Legal drugs have more impact on health because more people take them. FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone: made by the pituitary gland, this hormone causes a follicle (containing an egg) to begin to mature. used in fertility treatments to stimulate egg development. Homeostasis Maintaining constant internal conditions so that body processes, especially those controlled by enzymes, function efficiently. Factors kept constant include temperature, blood sugar concentration, water/ion balance of blood and tissue fluid. Hormones Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream by glands. Immunisation Also known as vaccination, this involves injecting a dead or inactivated form of a pathogen into the bloodstream. The white blood cells learn how to make correctly shaped antibodies, so that a rapid and effective response can be made if the real pathogen is ever encountered. An example if the MMR vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella. IVF A way of treating infertility by fertilising an egg cell outside the body then implanting the embryo back into the uterus. LH Luteinising Hormone: made by the pituitary gland this hormone causes the follicle to burst, releasing the egg (ovulation). Used in fertility treatments to stimulate ovulation. Malnutrition Occurs if the diet is unblanced,eventually leading to becoming too fat, too thin or developing deficiency diseases. Metabolic Rate The rate at which the chemical reactions of your cells take place. It varies due to temperature (higher when its cold), your activity level, your ratio of muscle to fat and (maybe) inherited factors. It affects how much energy you need in your diet, and stays high for some time after exercise. Microorganism Tiny organism, often only one cell in size, which can usually only be seen through a microscope. May cause disease, but not always. Includes Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses. Motor Neurones Nerve cells which carry impulses to effectors (muscles or glands) from the central nervous system, causing the effectors to cause a response. MRSA A strain of bacterium which has evolved resistance to most antibiotics by the process of natural selection. Overuse of antibiotics and failure to complete the course makes resistance more likely to evolve. Nervous System consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves and regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli Nicotine Addictive part of tobacco smoke. Obesity Being very overweight (BMI >30). It is linked to arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. Oestrogen Hormone produced by the ovaries which causes the uterus lining to thicken, inhibits FSH production and stimulates LH production. Used in contraceptive pills to inhibit egg development. Pathogen Organism (often a microorganism) which causes disease in others. Pituitary Gland Structure in the brain which produces the hormones FSH and LH which are important in the menstrual cycle. Receptors Cells which detect stimuli including light, sound, changes in position, chemicals, touch, pressure, pain and temperature. Reflex Action A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus, e.g. the hand withdrawal and pupil reflexes. Relay Neurones Nerve cells within the central nervous system which process incoming information. Salt Dietary component which can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease. Saturated Fat Fats obtained from warm-blooded animals, which have no C=C double bonds in their structure and are linked to high levels of (bad) LDL cholesterol. Semmelweiss Doctor who made a breakthrough in understanding the link between hygiene and infections. Sensory Neurones Nerve cells which carry impulses to the central nervous system from receptors. Synapse A junction between 2 neurones. They slow down the speed of the impulse because the transmission of information changes from electrical (within neurones) to chemical (as the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synpase) then back to electrical in the 2nd neurone. Thalidomide Drug, originally developed as a sleeping pill, which was banned after it caused birth defects when taken by pregnant mothers to reduce morning sickness (it had not been tested for this purpose). Now being used to treat leprosy successfully, and maybe useful against some cancers. Toxin Poison made by bacteria whihc makes us feel ill. Undernourishment May be caused by anorexia or famine. Llinked to reduced resistance to infection and irregular periods in women. Unsaturated Fat Fats obtained from vegetable or fish sources, which have double C=C bonds in their structures. They tend to increase HDL ('good cholesterol') levels, protecting gainst heart disease. Polyunsaturated fats are even better than monounsaturated fats. Virus Type of microorganism which inject their genetic material into our body cells,where they reproduce then burst out, killing our cells in the process and making us ill. White Blood Cell Specialised type of cell which helps to defend us against pathogens in many ways: ingesting them (phagocytosis), making antibodies to stick to them or antitoxins which inactivate the bacterial toxins.