Download CfE Higher Human Biology Unit 2 Physiology and Health

CfE Higher Human Biology
Unit 2 Physiology and Health
Learning Outcomes/Success Criteria Unit 2 CfE Higher Human Biology
I can state that testes produce sperm in the seminiferous tubules and
testosterone in the interstitial cells.
I can name the prostate gland and seminal vesicles as the structures which
secrete fluid that maintain the mobility and viability of sperm.
I can state that the ovaries contain ova, and that each ovum is surrounded
by a follicle that secretes hormones.
I can state that fertilisation occurs when an ovum is fertilised in the oviduct
by a sperm, and this forms a zygote.
I can state that the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) or interstitial cell stimulating hormone in
males (ICSH) after being stimulated by a releaser hormone produced in the
hypothalamus.
I can identify FSH as the hormone that promotes sperm production and
ICSH as the hormone that stimulates testosterone production.
I can state that testosterone also stimulates sperm production, as well as
activating the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
I can describe the negative feedback control of testosterone by FSH and
ICSH.
I can describe the stages of the menstrual cycle from the first day of
menstruation, through ovulation to the endometrium lining breaking down
once more.
I can state that FSH causes a follicle to develop in the ovary, and the
follicle also produces the hormone oestrogen.
I can state that the follicle develops into the corpus luteum after ovulation,
which then produced progesterone and causes the lining of the endometrium
to thicken.
I can explain the action of the female hormone oestrogen in the follicular
phase and progesterone in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
I can state that the endometrium lining builds up, ready for implantation of
a blastocyst due to the action of progesterone
I can state that the cervical mucus changes due to the action of oestrogen
to allow the sperm to penetrate more easily.
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CfE Higher Human Biology
Unit 2 Physiology and Health
I can describe the negative feedback control of FSH and LH through the
action of the ovarian hormones.
I can state that males have continuous fertility whereas females have
cyclical fertility.
I can give examples of the many fertility treatments used, including in vitro
fertilisation (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and artificial
insemination (AI) and when these procedures may be used.
I can describe the necessity of ovulatory drugs when using some types of
fertility treatment, and also give examples of the fertility issues that can
be experienced by both males and females.
I can describe the difference between pre-implantation genetic screening
and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis when identifying any abnormalities
during IVF treatment.
I can describe the use of several contraceptives as either physical barriers
or chemical barriers to fertilisation, and give examples of both.
I can give examples of antenatal screening techniques to monitor the health
of a pregnant woman as well as her unborn child.
I can state why both dating scans and anomaly scans are required to check
for due date, marker chemicals and any physical abnormalities.
I can explain how false positive and false negative results can be obtained if
marker chemicals are tested for at the wrong time.
I can describe the use of amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) in
identifying karyotypes if there is a high risk of a genetic condition.
I can describe the genetic condition phenylketonuria (PKU) as an inborn
error of metabolism, and state how the condition is tested for and
controlled through diet.
I can explain ABO blood group inheritance, including the use of anti-rhesus
antibodies being given to pregnant women who are rhesus negative.
I can identify genotypes and phenotypes of individuals from pedigree
charts, using standard symbols in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive,
incomplete dominance and sex-linked single gene disorders.
I can describe the pathway of blood from the heart through the arteries,
capillaries and veins and back to the heart once more.
I can state the changes in blood pressure through the heart and blood
vessels.
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CfE Higher Human Biology
Unit 2 Physiology and Health
I can describe the structure and features of arteries, veins and capillaries.
I can describe the processes of vasodilation and vasoconstriction in
controlling blood flow.
I can describe the process of pressure filtration through capillary walls, and
the function of tissue fluid.
I can identify the lymphatic system as absorbing excess tissue fluid and
returning lymph fluid to the circulatory system.
I can name the structures present in the heart, and carry out calculations on
cardiac output through stroke volume and heart rate.
I can describe the sequence of events in atrial systole, atrial diastole,
ventricular systole, ventricular diastole and the action of the AV valves and
SL valves during the cardiac cycle.
I can state that the heart beat is controlled by the pacemaker (or sinoatrial
node – SAN), the medulla in the brain through the autonomic nervous system
(ANS), sympathetic nerves which release nor-adrenaline and
parasympathetic nerves which release acetylcholine.
I can describe the action of the SAN on the cardiac muscle cells, including
how this stimulate the atrioventricular node (AVN) and be able to identify
their locations in the heart.
I can state that the electrical impulses generated in the heart can be
detected by an electrocardiogram (ECG).
I can explain how blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer,
and how systolic and diastolic pressure are detected.
I can state that normal blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg and that
hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor for many diseases
including coronary heart disease.
I can describe the process of atherosclerosis, and how this can link to
angina, heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
I can describe the release of clotting factors, the action of the enzymes
prothrombin and thrombin and the changes to the protein fibrinogen to
fibrin to form a meshwork to clot blood and seal wounds.
I can explain how thrombosis and an embolism can occur, and if the clot
travels to a coronary artery, a myocardial infarction can occur.
I can describe how PVD is caused by atherosclerosis of arteries typically in
the legs.
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CfE Higher Human Biology
Unit 2 Physiology and Health
I can explain how a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can occur and how this can
lead to a pulmonary embolism.
I can describe the need for cholesterol in the body, and describe the two
types of lipoproteins which transport cholesterol to cells or to the liver.
I can give examples of the benefits of having higher HDL levels in the blood,
and also how HDL levels can be raised through diet, exercise or using
statins.
I can describe the inheritance of familial hypercholesterolemia and state
that those affected have high levels of cholesterol in their blood.
I can identify issues created with elevated blood glucose levels, including
damage to the retina, renal failure or peripheral nerve problems.
I can describe the regulation of blood glucose levels through the hormones
insulin and glucagon, and the negative feedback control pathway.
I can state that glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver, and that the
hormone glucagon converts glycogen to glucose when necessary.
I can state that adrenaline can override normal homeostatic control of
glucose during exercise or fight or flight responses, releasing glucose for
use by the muscles.
I can explain the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
I can describe the use of glucose tolerance tests to identify diabetics.
I can identify obesity as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease
(CVD) and type 2 diabetes.
I can state that limiting fats in the diet reduces high calorific value and
limiting free sugars removes the issue of having no metabolic energy
expended in their digestion.
I can calculate body mass index (BMI) using height and weight and state how
this can indicate individuals who are overweight or obese.
I can state that obesity is caused by high fat diets and lack of exercise and
that body fat can be measured using body density.
I can explain how exercise reduces risk factors for CVD by managing weight, minimising
stress, reducing hypertension and improving HDL profiles.
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