Download Transport - Ardsley Schools

Transport
What’s wrong with
this picture?
Transport
• Process for substances moving into cells
• Process for substances exiting cells
• Process for movement within cells
Transport in Protists
• Diffusion and Active transport for entering
and exiting cell
• Need wet membranes for diffusion. These
organisms are aquatic!
• Cyclosis within cell
Transport in Hydra
• Aquatic
• Ectoderm and Endoderm of
Gastrovascular cavity in contact with water
• Uses Diffusion and Active Transport
• Uses Cyclosis within cells
• Endodermal cells of cavity have flagella to
circulate materials in cavity
• Has muscular movement to circulate
materials in cavity
Transport in Earthworm
• Most cells not in direct water contact
(Need a way of delivery and removal of
materials from them)
• Live in moist environment
• Large and multicellular
• Only skin cells able to exchange materials
with the environment
Transport in Earthworm
• Need a circulatory system:
– Fluid in which materials are transported
– Network of tubes or spaces for fluid flow
– Need a pumping mechanism
Circulatory System of Worm
• Closed Circulatory System
• Aortic Arches (hearts)
• Blood with blood cells having Iron-rich
Hemoglobin to carry O2
• Blood moves quickly in closed system
• Dorsal and Ventral Blood Vessels
• These branch off eventually into capillaries
• Capillaries pass each cell for pick-up and
delivery
Circulatory system of worm
Transport in Grasshopper
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Open Circulatory System
Multiple Hearts
Aorta
Body Sinuses
Body movement moves blood around
Blood moves slowly around
No Hemoglobin
Blood doesn’t transport O2
Transport in Grasshopper
Transport in Humans
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Closed Circulatory System
One heart that has 4 chambers
Network of blood vessels
Hemoglobin blood
Blood Vessels
• Arteries
– Largest
diameter
– Thick,
muscular,
elastic walls
– Carry blood
away from the
heart
Blood Vessels
• Arterioles
– Narrower branches of arteries
– Also direct blood away from heart
Blood Vessels
• Capillaries
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Very, very thin walled blood vessels (1 cell thick)
Small diameter
Pick-up and delivery of materials from cells
So small in diameter that blood cells flow one at a
time through them
– Diffusion of materials (i.e.. Nutrients, wastes, oxygen)
across capillary wall
– Not all capillary beds open at same time (Have about
25,000-60,000 miles of capillary)
Capillaries
Blood vessels
• Venules
– Return blood back to heart
– Small branches of veins
– Walls are thinner than arterioles
– Walls not very elastic
– Contain valves inside vessel
– Need external muscular movement
Venule
Blood Vessels
• Veins
– Larger versions of venules
– Many venules join into a vein
Lymph Vessels
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Don’t carry blood
Also have valves
Need external muscular activity
They carry Lymph
– What is Lymph?
• Capillaries are leaky
• Fluid in capillary called plasma leaks out with
dissolved nutrients for tissue
• Fluid bathes cells and now fluid is called
Intercellular fluid (or Interstitial Fluid)
•Diffusion happens
•Wastes and Nutrients exchanged
•Intercellular fluid now enters lymph vessels
•Fluid is now called lymph
•Fluid will be scanned by lymph nodes
•Fluid will return to blood vessels at the Thoracic Duct
Thoracic Duct
Lymph Nodes
• Sites that house white blood cells
• Filter site for pathogens
• Spleen also part of Lymphatic System
Problems with Blood Vessels
• Varicose Veins-faulty valves-blood collects
and unable to return to heart
More Problems
• Arteriosclerosis
(“hardening of the
arteries”)= Vessel
narrowed by fatty
plaques, blood clots
form
More Problems
• Stroke
– Blockage of a vessel feeding blood to the brain
– Administer TPA in 1st 3 hrs to prevent paralysis
Human Heart
Rt Atrium
Lt Atrium
Atrioventricular Valve
(Tricuspid)
Atrioventricular Valve
(Bicuspid, Mitral)
Rt Ventricle
Lt Ventricle
Septum
Superior Vena
Cava (Vein)
Inferior Vena
Cava (Vein)
Tricuspid Valve
Rt Atrium
Lt Atrium
Pulmonary
Veins
Pulmonary Veins
Bicuspid
Rt Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
Semilunar
Valve
Lt Ventricle
Aorta
Semilunar
Valve
Heart as a whole
Covered by
Pericardium
Membrane
Most Muscular!
Heart as a whole
Cardiac Cycle
1. Diastole (Heart Relaxed)
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Atria fill with blood
Atrioventricular valves open
Blood drops into ventricles (70% Full)
2. Systole
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Atria contract in unison
All blood squeezed into ventricles
Ventricles contract in unison
Atrioventricular valves slam closed and blood hits them
(Hear a “Lub” sound)
Semilunar valves open and blood pushed out into
arteries
Semilunar close (Hear a “dub” sound)
Atria fill from veins
Cardiac Output
• Heart beats 70X/min at rest
• Pumps 5.25L/m of blood/min at Rest, 3035 L/m during exercise
Heart Electricity
• Pace-Maker or SA Node
– In top wall of Rt atrium
– Send an electrical pulse to both atria
simultaneously, atria contract
– Regulated by Vagus Nerve and
Cardioaccelerator Nerve of brain
Heart Electricity
• AV Node
– In bottom wall of Rt Atrium
– Signal from SA Node reaches AV Node
– Signal spread to both ventricles causing them
to contract
Ventricles
Contraction
Atria
contraction
Flow of blood out of heart and
through vessels
• Pulse and Blood Pressure
Pulse =wave of stretching
as blood travels through
arteries
Pulse and Blood Pressure
• Normal Blood Pressure=
– 120 (Systolic Pressure, mm
Mg)
– 80 (Diastolic Pressure, mm
Mg)
– 120/80 (For a 20 year-old)
– Highest pressure in aorta
– Lowest pressure in veins
• Normal Pulse=
– 70 beats/min
Circulatory Pathways-Pulmonary
• Pulmonary circulation
Circulatory Pathways-Systemic
• Renal Circulation (Filtering of blood of
metabolic wastes
Circulatory Pathways-Systemic
• Coronary Circulation
Deoxygenated blood returns to heart through walls of Rt Atrium
Circulatory Pathways-Systemic
• Hepatic-Portal Circulation (Blood Glucose
Regulation
Problems with Heart and
Vessels
• Heart Valve Problem-Heart Murmur
Can also have
murmur from
valves not
opening
well=Valvular
Stenosis
Problems with Heart and
Vessels
• Angina=
Problems with Heart and
Vessels
• Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction,
Coronary Thrombosis)
Angioplasty
Bypass
Stents
Problems with Heart and
Vessels
• Fibrillation (and Circus Movement) from
heart damage or bad Nodes
Defibrillation
Stop heart and let it restart in hopefully normal rhythm
Node Replacement
High Blood Pressure
(Hypertension)
• Causes:
– Atherosclerosis (Hardening of Arteries)
(Hardened cholesterol deposits called
plaques with blood clot formation)
• Problem: Can lead to heart attack and or
stroke
• Drugs:
– Diuretics=increase urine output
– β- Blockers=keep vessels dilated
Ways to avoid cardiovascular
diseases
• Don’t Smoke
• Eat healthy, low fat foods
• Monitor cholesterol levels (LDLs bad,
HDLs good)
• Don’t eat excessively salty foods (Sodium)
• Exercise
• Avoid excess alcohol
• Monitor blood pressure if in “Risk Groups”
Blood and Immunity
What is blood?
Is blood a tissue?
Blood Functions
• Transport
– Nutrients
– Wastes
– Hormones
• Regulation
– Temperature regulation
– pH stabilization
– Water balance
• Protection
– Specialized cells for defense
– Clotting ability
Blood Components
1. Plasma
– Liquid part
– 55% of blood
– Mostly water
– Salts, glucose, amino
acids, fatty acids,
hormones, antibodies,
vitamins, enzymes,
metabolic wastes
Blood Components
2. Red Blood Cell (Erythrocytes)
– We have about 30 Trillion
– Transport Oxygen and CO2
– Mature cells have no nucleus
– Contains Iron-containing Hemoglobin protein
– Made in bone marrow
– Live about 120 days (2 million destroyed/sec)
– Liver and spleen remove defective cells
Bone Marrow
Red Blood Cell
Problems related to Red Blood
Cells
• Anemia
– Low RBC count and or low hemoglobin count
– Low Iron amount or vitamin/mineral amount
– Results in low blood oxygen amount
– Pale, cold skin, low blood pressure, fatigue,
dizziness
Problems related to Red Blood
Cells
• Sickle Cell Anemia
– Genetic Disease of African ancestry
– defective hemoglobin gene
– Make misshaped RBC
– Anemic symptoms
– If two bad genes, death at early age
– If one bad gene, pain at times
– Protection against Malaria parasite
Sickled Cell
Normal Cell
Blockages
Blood Components
3. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):
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Protection
Larger than RBCs
Have nuclei
Less in number compared to RBC
Made in bone marrow
60 billion
White Blood Cell Types
• Neutrophils and Monocytes
– Phagocytic
– Engulf bacteria, debris, virus-infected cells,
cancer cells
– Macrophages develop from monocytes and
crawl around tissues searching for invaders
White Blood Cell Types
• Eosinophils
– Nonphagocytic
– Involved in allergic reactions
– Involved in parasitic infections
White Blood Cell Types
• Basophil
– Involved in inflammatory reactions
– Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic
infections
– Related to Mast Cells
White Blood Cell Types
• Lymphocytes
– Nonphagocytic cells
– Involved with Immunity
– Subtypes:
• B Cells:
– Make Antibodies
• T Cells:
– Destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells
Problems with White Blood Cells
• Leukemia
Normal Blood Smear
Leukemia Blood Smear
Problems with White Blood Cells
• Allergic reactions with possible Anaphylactic
Shock (Overreaction to an invader)-Over-reaction
Problems with White Blood Cells
• Autoimmune Diseases (Target Own
Body)
– Multiple Sclerosis (Target Brain)
– Chrohn’s Disease (Target Gut)
– Lupus (Target assorted body organs)
– Psoriasis (Target Skin)
– Rheumatoid arthritis (Target Joints)
– Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Target Pancreas)
Blood Components
4. Platelets
– Involved in blood
clotting
– Cell fragments
– Formed in bone
marrow
– 1.5 Trillion
Clotting
1. Break in wall
2. Platelets stick
3. They release
Thromboplastin
Clotting
4. Thromboplastin
converts inactive
Prothrombin (plasma
protein, need Vit. K to
make it) into active
Thrombin
5. Active Thrombin
activates inactive
Fibrinogen into Fibrin
Strands
Clot Busters
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TPA (Tissue plasminogen activator)
Heparin
Aspirin
Plasmin
Problems with Clotting
• Hemophilia
– Can’t clot blood
– Low platelets and/or
– Low Vit. K and/or
– Lack any one of the factors along the cascade
– Genetic Disease –Sex Chromosome-Linked
Defense against Invaders
• 1st line Defense
(Non Specific)
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Skin
Sweat
Tears
Saliva
Mucus membranes
Stomach acid
urine
What if the invader Breaks through
1st line?
Defense against Invaders
• 2nd Line Defenses
– Inflammatory Reaction (“setting on fire”)
– Nonspecific Reaction
• Infection area becomes
– Swollen (more blood delivered to site because of
damage cell Histamine release)
– Red (More blood delivered to site)
– Warm (Blood is warm)
– Macrophages eat invaders and damaged cells
– Macrophages die and become pus
Other 2nd line Defenses
• Fever
• Interferon release by virally-infected cells
– Causes neighbor cells to produce antiviral
proteins
What if the invader Breaks through
2nd line?
Immune Response
• Specific recognition and destruction of
foreign invaders
– Players:
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Bone Marrow
WBC
Lymph Nodes
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
Immune Response
• How does our
body determine
“self” from
“nonself” ?
Suppose our body cells looked like
this…
…and our bodies were invaded by
this…
Pathogenic Rubber Duckyus
How does our body recognize
invaders?
Antigens!
• Antigens
– Components on an invader that are foreign to
our body and lead to an immune attack
Stages of Immune Response
• Primary Immune Response:
– Antigen in body for 1st time
– Macrophage eats invader and displays invader's
antigen on its surface
Stages of Immune Attack
• Primary Immune
Response
– Helper T Cell binds to
invader antigen with
receptor (becomes
semi-activated)
– Helper T Cell binds to
antigen on
macrophage
– Helper T Cell then
becomes fully
activated
Stages of Immune Attack
• Primary Immune Response:
– Activated Helper T Cell makes and secretes
IL2 (Interleukin 2)
– Cytotoxic T Cells bind to antigen on antigenpresenting cells and become semi-activated
– IL2 fully activates Cytotoxic T Cells and these
start to replicate
– Cytotoxic T Cells bind infected cells and
cancer cell and blow them up with toxins
Stages of Immune Attack
• Primary Immune Response
– Cytotoxic T Cells divide into 2 types of T Cells
• More Cytotoxic T Cells
• Memory Cytotoxic T Cells
– Remain in body for many years
– Don’t need priming to become activated
• Cell-mediated attack
• Secondary Immune Response
– Second exposure, no need for T-Helper priming
– Memory Cells ready to attack
B Cells
• B cells secrete
substances known as
antibodies (Produce
Humoral Response).
• Each B cell is
programmed to make one
specific antibody.
• Transported by the blood
to lymph nodes and
lymphatic organs
Antibodies
• Alias: Immunoglobulins.
• Proteins consisting of two
heavy chains and two light
chains
• "Y" shaped molecule.
Antibodies
• Antibodies have different
binding abilities dependent on
shapes to match the antigens
• Neutralize invader
• Agglutination
• Tag for phagocytosis by
macrophage
Agglutination
How do our B cells know what an invader is?
Antigen receptors:
– protein molecules (antibodies) that stick out on B cells’ membranes
that recognize invaders.
Antigen-binding site:
Specific region on the antibody molecule that “fits” the antigen
determinants like a lock and key
You have between
100 million and
200 billion different kinds
of B cells and are
Situated in the spleen, lymph
Nodes and other parts of
The lymphatic system
B cells
Primary response: Humoral Response
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5.
6.
B cells come in contact with an antigen for the
first time.
Macrophage ingests the antigen and displays
it on its membrane.
B cell connects to antigen and becomes
semiactivated
B cell is stimulated by a helper T cell that
recognizes the same antigen (Full activation)
(IL2).
B cell produces plasma cells and memory B
cells
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Plasma cells make antibodies and release
into blood & bind to antigen forming an
antigen-antibody complex
phagocytes engulf and destroy the antigenantibody complex
Secondary Response
• Secondary exposure causes
faster and stronger response
• Memory cells are already in
circulation and are ready to be
activated by secondary
response (Life time immunity)
Secondary response
• Same antigen enters the body
• Memory cells recognize it and
divide rapidly
• New plasma cells form
producing large quantities of
antibodies
Problem with B and T Cells
• SCID
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder
Born with no B or T cells
Open to attack
Boy in Bubble Disease
David-Dead at 12
Complement System
• Primitive
• Series of enzymes in
blood
• Anti-bacterial
• Bacterium triggers a
“Lego” effect of these
enzymes
• Enzymes drill hole
into bacterium
Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer
Treatment
*
Immunity and Vaccines
1. Active Immunity
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Exposed to antigen
Mount Immune Response (B Cell and T Cell)
Produce B and T Memory Cells
Immunity lasts long time
Edward Jenner (Father of Vaccination)
– Small pox vaccine
•
Can inject pure antigen or whole weakened or
dead pathogen
Immunity and Vaccines
• Passive Immunity
– Inject pre-made antibodies against antigen
– Temporary immunity
– “Borrowed Immunity”
– Ex. Maternal Immunity given to baby through
breast milk
Immunity and Blood Types
• ABO Blood Groups
Blood Types-Transfusions
A
B
AB
Person has
Person has
Anti-B
Antibodies
Anti-A
Antibodies
Person has no
antibodies against
antigens
Universal
Receiver
(42%)
(12%)
(3%)
Person
has Anti-A
and Anti-B
Antibodies
Universal
Donor
(43%)
Blood Type Detection
Agglutination Tests
Rh Factors
Rh
85% Positive
What if…..
• Pregnant mom is Rh• Unborn baby is Rh+
Solution
• Give Mom RhoGAM drug
– Destroys Anti-Rh antibodies of Mom
Transplants
• Whole organs or limbs transfers from
person to person
• We all have unique proteins on organ
surface
• If organ antigens are foreign, organ
rejected
• Control rejection with immunosuppressive
drugs
• Stem Cell Research
AIDS
• AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome)
• Due to the HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus)
• Infects and destroys T-Helper Cells
• Can remain dormant in body organs
• Retrovirus (RNA virus that converts
its RNA into DNA)-Reverse
Transcriptase
HIV
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Mutates very quickly
Person dies of Opportunistic Infections
Spread via body fluid to body fluid
Treatment:
– AZT
– Serine Protease Inhibitors
GLOBAL SUMMARY OF THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC
2008
Globally, there were an estimated 33 million
[30 million–36 million] people living with
HIV in 2007
The annual number of new HIV infections
declined from 3.0 million [2.6 million–
3.5 million] in 2001 to 2.7 million
[2.2 million–3.2 million] in 2007.
Overall, 2.0 million [1.8 million–2.3 million]
people died due to AIDS in 2007, compared
with an estimated 1.7 million [1.5 million–
2.3 million] in 2001.