Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Asymmetric induction wikipedia , lookup
Homoaromaticity wikipedia , lookup
Volatile organic compound wikipedia , lookup
Hydroformylation wikipedia , lookup
George S. Hammond wikipedia , lookup
Ring-closing metathesis wikipedia , lookup
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
Organosulfur compounds wikipedia , lookup
Discodermolide wikipedia , lookup
Elias James Corey wikipedia , lookup
Enantioselective synthesis wikipedia , lookup
15 The synthesis of organic compounds Topic overview Topic overview: Topic 15 Specification 5.4.3 Organic synthesis Student’s Book Candidates should be able to: a) give examples to illustrate the importance of organic synthesis in research for the production of useful products 15.1 Organic synthesis b) explain why sensitive methods of chemical analysis are important when planning and monitoring organic syntheses Organic analysis c) deduce the empirical formulae, molecular formulae and structural formulae from data drawn from combustion analysis, elemental percentage composition, characteristic reactions of functional groups, infrared spectra, mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance d) use knowledge of organic chemistry contained in this specification to solve problems such as: (i) predicting the properties of unfamiliar compounds containing one or more of the functional groups included in the specification and explain these predictions The synthesis of chlorophyll HSW − Using knowledge and understanding to define a scientific problem and then appropriate technology to solve it. Network disc (* also in Student resources) *Learning outcomes Introductory PowerPoint presentation *Weblink: Synthetic chemistry laboratory 15.2 The formulae of organic molecules Empirical formulae Molecular formulae Structural formulae Activity: Using combustion analysis and nmr spectroscopy to identify an organic compound 15.3 Functional groups – the keys to organic molecules Practical: Identifying the functional groups in an organic compound HSW − Communicating information and ideas in appropriate ways using appropriate terminology. HSW − Analysing and interpreting data to provide evidence for molecular structure. Practical guidance: Observation−deduction exercises on organic compounds Practical guidance: Practical skills for A2 *Data sheet: Tests and observations on organic compounds (ii) planning reaction schemes of up to four steps, recalling familiar reactions and using unfamiliar reactions given sufficient information (iii) selecting suitable practical procedures for carrying out reactions involving compounds with functional groups included in the specification. 15.4 Organic routes Changing the functional groups Activity: Converting one functional group to another *Tutorial: Organic reaction schemes – Planning reaction schemes for organic compounds 15.5 Synthetic techniques Stage 1: Planning Stage 2: Carrying out the reaction Stage 3: Separating the product from the reaction mixture *Weblink: Synthetic chemistry laboratory Practical: The separation of limonene from orange peel using steam distillation 1 of 3 © G. Hill and A. Hunt 2009 Edexcel Chemistry for A2 15 The synthesis of organic compounds (iv) identifying appropriate control measures to reduce risk during a synthesis based upon data of hazards Topic overview Stage 4: Purifying the product Purifying organic solids Purifying organic liquids Stage 5: Measuring the yield, identifying the product and checking its purity *Weblink: Practical techniques Activity: The preparation of methyl 3-nitrobenzoate (See also in Topic 12: Practical: The nitration of methyl benzoate to prepare methyl 3nitrobenzoate) Practical: Synthesising 2-chloro-2methylpropane from 2-methylpropan2-ol [d) part (v) and e) come after section f).] f) describe and carry out, where appropriate, the preparation of a compound, e.g. cholesteryl benzoate (a liquid crystal) and methyl 3-nitrobenzoate, requiring some of the following techniques: (i) refluxing (ii) purification by washing, e.g. with water and sodium carbonate solution (iii) solvent extraction (iv) recrystallisation (v) drying (vi) distillation (vii) steam distillation (viii) melting temperature determination (ix) boiling temperature determination d) use knowledge of organic chemistry to solve problems such as: (v) understanding why, in the synthesis of stereo-specific drugs, it is important to understand the mechanism of the reaction and how this can help to plan the synthesis Practical: The synthesis of antifebrin Activity: Decaffeinating coffee 15.6 Stereochemical synthesis 15.7 Stereochemistry and drugs Chirality in drugs Activity: Thalidomide HSW − Consideration of the ethical issues in the treatment of humans. *Weblinks: Thalidomide *Weblink: Treating cancer with thalidomide 15.8 Synthesising drugs HSW − Consideration of the development and use of drugs and appreciation of their associated benefits and risks. e) explain why the pharmaceutical industry has adopted combinatorial chemistry in drug research, including passing reactants over reagents on polymer supports. 15.9 Combinatorial chemistry in drug research *Weblink: Combinatorial chemistry 2 of 3 © G. Hill and A. Hunt 2009 Edexcel Chemistry for A2 15 The synthesis of organic compounds Topic overview Review questions End of topic test *Extension questions Teacher’s and technician’s notes for each of the class practicals under the headings: Objectives, Suggested approach, Safety, Materials and equipment required and Answers to questions Answers: *Answers to Test yourself questions *Answers to Activities questions in the Student’s Book Answers to Activities questions on the Network disc Answers to Review questions Answers to Extension questions Answers to End of topic test 3 of 3 © G. Hill and A. Hunt 2009 Edexcel Chemistry for A2