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Review for Environmental Systems Fall Final Exam 2015-2016 History of the Environmental Movement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Why did hunter-gatherers have such a low environmental impact? They were small in population size and wandered from place to place looking for food. They were not in on spot long enough to cause harm. How much time have we spent as a hunter gatherer type of society verses an agricultural society? We spent much more time as hunter gatherers. If the entire time on Earth were 50 years, 49 years were as hunter gatherers and 1 year as we are now. Explain how the shift from a hunter gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural lifestyle changed the way we lived. We learned how to grow crops so we no longer have to wander around looking for food. We were able to develop technology to make our lives easier. What are Garrett Hardin’s views on the use of natural resources? Natural resources are being abused for short term gain because there is no private ownership or management. Everyone shared common property so everyone took what they needed. He called this the tragedy of the commons. What is the tragedy of the commons? The overuse of common property or free access resources. What is sustainability? Using what we need now but saving some resources for the future generations. Explain the differences between highly developed and lower developed countries. Highly developed countries have a higher standard of living, are more industrialized, have lower birth rates and death rates, etc. than undeveloped or developing countries. When is an environmental issue considered to be global? If it has a significant impact across the world and lasts for a long period of time. What is an ecological footprint? The measure of a person’s impact on the environment. Is a person’s ecological footprint greater in a developed or developing country? Explain. It is greater in a developed country because they use more resources per person. What years were known as the first decade of the environment? 1970’s What is the underlying issue in most environmental issues? Rapid growth in human population which leads to habitat loss and destruction What was Rachel Carson’s book, “The Silent Spring” about? The dangers of pesticides especially DDT. a. What is DDT used for? DDT is a pesticide used to control insect populations. b. What are the pros and cons of DDT? It is very useful in controlling mosquitoes in undeveloped countries to help prevent malaria. It does not biodegrade so it builds up in the ecosystem and the food chain (bioaccumulation) and can harm or kill animals. What contribution did the following people make to the environmental movement? a. John Muir: He was a naturalist and he founder of the Sierra Club. b. Theodore Roosevelt: He was the first national political figure to bring conservation issues to the public’s attention. c. Gifford Pinchot: He was the first Chief of the Forestry Services. d. Aldo Leopold: He wrote “The Sand County Almanac and he was involved in the development of environmental ethics and wildlife management. Describe the importance of significant events in environmental such as: a. Agricultural Revolution: Was a shift from hunting and gathering to a more settled existence where crops were planted for food b. Exxon Valdez: A large oil spill that occurred when the Exxon Valdez tanker ran aground in Prince William Sound in Alaska in 1989. It caused massive environmental damage. c. Montreal Protocol: An international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer. d. Wilderness Act: Authorized the government to protect large tracts of public land in 1964 e. Gulf Oil Spill: Worst oil spill in United State which caused massive environmental damage. Several regulations for deep water drilling were established because of this spill. Ecosystems Know the definition of the following and recognize examples of each. Mutualism- both organisms benefit example: pollinators and plants Commensalism- one organism benefits and the other is neither hurt or harmed, example: barnacles on a whale Parasitism- one organism benefits and the other is harmed, example: fleas on a dog Autotroph/producer- make their own food Consumers/Heterotrophs- consume other organisms for food Omnivore- feed on plants and animals Carnivore- eat other animals Herbivore- eat plants Decomposers- break down organic matter and absorb the nutrients, example: bacteria, mushrooms Detritivore- feed on organic waste by consuming it, examples: earth worms, millipedes Scavenger- eat dead organisms in large quantities, example: vulture Answer the following questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Describe the difference between biotic and abiotic factors and give examples of each. Biotic factors are the living parts of the ecosystem such as plants and animals. Abiotic factors are living or once living parts of the ecosystem such as rocks, dirt and decaying organic matter. Energy cannot be recycled so ecosystems need a constant supply of it. What is the source of all energy in a food chain? The sun The sun’s energy is converted from light energy to chemical energy. What type of organism is always found at the beginning of a food chain? Producers/Autotrophs What is biomass? The mass of all organic matter in the ecosystem Draw a food web consisting of three different interconnected food chains. a. Are second order consumers herbivores or carnivores? Explain. Carnivores because they are eating herbivores. b. How do food webs show conservation of energy? Energy is passed from one organism to another or converted to heat, movement etc., it does not just disappear. c. What happens when an organism in a web or chain dies or is removed? The organisms the dead animal ate will increase in population, and the organisms that ate the dead animal/plant will have to compete for other food sources. d. How does the biomass of the producers in a food chain compare to the consumers in the same food chain? The biomass of the producers is larger than the biomass of the consumers in the same food chain. e. Where are the majority of the organisms located in the pyramid? In the lower levels…producers have the majority of the organisms 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. f. How much energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain? 10% g. What happens to the energy that is not passed to the next level in a food chain? The energy is as given off as heat and it is used for the normal life functions of the organism like moving, etc. h. Why do food chains rarely go beyond three to four trophic levels? There are usually only 3-4 levels because there is not enough energy to support another level. Energy and biomass pyramids show relationships in ecosystems. a. How does the amount of energy change as you move from the bottom to the top of the pyramid? The energy will decrease as you move from the bottom to the top of the pyramid. b. Where are the majority of the organisms located in the pyramid? The majority of the organisms will be at the bottom of the pyramid. What is biodiversity? The combination of all the different types of living organisms. It is believed to be the result of speciation and co-evolution. It is important because it leads to healthy ecosystems. What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? Habitat loss Describe the difference between an organism’s niche and habitat. Niche is its role in the environment and habitat is where it lives Can two organisms occupy the same niche at the same time? Explain. No, one will be more successful and will force the other one out How does a fundamental niche compare to a realized niche? A fundamental niche is the entire space in an ecosystem where animals can live. A realized niche is the part of the ecosystem each animal gets to live because of competition for space. Describe the following types of species. a. Specialist species- have narrow niches and do not adapt well to change. b. Generalist species-can survive a wide variety of ecosystems and conditions. c. Native species- are historically found in the area. d. Indicator species- serve as early warnings of environmental damage (ex: lichen). a. Keystone species- Removal of these species has a big impact on the ecosystem even if they were not there in large numbers (ex: wolves). e. Invasive Species- species that is introduced into an area where it is not from. The species grows rapidly and takes over because it has no natural predators and reproduces rapidly. f. R-Strategist- produce many offspring and have a short life, example: insects. g. K-Strategist- produce few offspring and have a long life, example: humans. Are specialist species or generalist species more susceptible to extinction? Explain. Specialist, because they don’t adapt well to changes in the environment. Animal Populations Vocabulary-Define the following words and be able to recognize examples of each. Population- is a group of individuals of the same species in a given area. Community- is a group of several different species living in a given area. Population density- is the number of organisms living within a defined area Limiting factor- is any factor that limits the growth of a population, example: amount of food, water, predators etc. Density Dependent Factors- are factors that affect a population based on density. Examples: disease, food, predation. Density Independent Factors- are factors that affect a population and are not based on density. Examples: natural disasters, fire. Carrying capacity- is the number of organisms an area can successfully support. Answer the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. List five factors that would cause a population to grow. Adequate food, water, shelter, limited predators, good climate will cause populations to grow. What happens when resources in a population become less available? The population will approach carrying capacity and growth rate will slow down until the supply of resources equals the demand for resources. What happens when a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment? Individuals will die because resources are depleted. The population will level off at the carrying capacity of the environment. List three factors that will reduce competition within a population. Adequate food, water, shelter, limited predators, smaller populations will reduce competition. Why is it important to do population counts? Give an example in your explanation. Population counts help us monitor species and better understand the health of an ecosystem. This process helps to protect endangered species such as tigers. Counts also determine the number of animals that can be hunted during hunting seasons. Briefly describe each of the following methods used to count populations. a. Capture mark recapture- -capture individual, mark in some manner, release and recapture…use formula to calculate total population. b. Transects- count individuals along a straight line in an area… use formula to calculate total population. c. Quadrat- toss square in an area, count individuals in square… use formula to calculate total population. d. Camera Census- use automatic cameras to capture images of individuals in an area and use formula to calculate total population. Our area is growing rapidly. How does this impact the carrying capacity of our surrounding area? Will populations of wild animals increase or decrease as we continue to expand? The carrying capacity of our area will be reduced because there is less area to support the population of wild animals. The animal population will decrease with increasing competition for resources. A farming community in Texas covers 24 square kilometers. There are 840 individuals who live within the town limits. What is the population density of this community? 840/24 = 35 individuals per square kilometers A biologist originally marked 30 Brown Pelicans on Galveston Island. Over a six month long period 150 Brown Pelicans were captured. Of those 150, 45 were found to have tags. Based on this information, what is the estimated population size of the Brown Pelicans on Galveston Island? Population Estimate = (Total Number Captured) X (Number Marked) (Total Number Captured With Mark) Population Estimate = (150) X (30) = 100 Brown Pelicans (45) Human Population Dynamics Vocabulary: You will need to know the definitions from the population vocabulary assignment. Population Ecology- the study of human (or other) populations Birth Rate- number of individuals born usually per 1000 people Death Rate- number of individuals who die usually per 1000 people Growth Rate – Growth Rate for a nation or region = (CBR –CDR) + (Net Migration) 10 Immigration-moving into an area Emigration- moving out of an area Zero Population Growth- birth rate equals death rate Exponential growths– growth without limits Logistic Growth- growth that includes carrying capacity Population Pyramids-Age Structure Diagram Write the name(s) of the countries described by the following statements. 1. Has completed demographic transiton. Austria, Denmark, Italy 2. In the pre-industrial stage. Kenya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia 3. Close to zero population growth. Austria, Denmark, Italy 4. Has high birth and death rates. Kenya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia 5. What precentage of the male population is 0-4 years old in each country? 7% 4% 3% Stages of Demographic Transition: Know the stages and characteristics or each stae of demographic transiton. Write the descriptions under the stage they describe. Pre-Industrial High birth rate and death rates Small population Transitional Post-Industrial Low birth and death rates Death rate declines Population grows rapidly High infant mortality low life expectancy Need children to work farms Industrial Birth rate declines rapidly Death rate declines Large population Population grows rapidly Population levels off Children still necessary, families have more money Children are not a necessity but parents still want them Elderly outnumber young Many families choose not to have children Sketch a population pyramid for each stage. Exponential and Logistic Graphs: You must be able to interpret data in exponential and logistic graphs. The graph shows the growth of 2 species of bacteria grown on the same petri dish. It also shows their growth rate when grown separately. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which of the 2 types of bacteria will soon die? Why? P. caudatum because it is reacting to something from P. auirelia Which of the 2 bacteria strains is better adapted for competition? P. aurelia How is the growth rate for P. caudatum different when it is grown alone? Its population is larger when grown alone When does P. aurelia reach its carrying capacity? Around 14 days Is this exponential or logistic growth? Explain. Logistic, the populations reach a carrying capacity Calculating Population Growth Rate and Doubling Time: You need to be able to do this. Growth Rate for a nation or region = (CBR –CDR) + (Net Migration) 10 Doubling time (in years): 70______ Growth rate (r) Use the formulas above and the information in the chart to calculate the growth rate and doubling time for the following areas. Country Birth Rate births/1000 population Death Rate deaths/1000 population Net Migration migrants/1000 population Growth Rate % Doubling Time years Mexico 19.02 5.24 -1.84 1.19 58.82 Switzerland 10.48 8.1 5.43 .78 89.74 What is doubling time? The time it takes for a population to double its size Soil and Agriculture 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. List the things needed to form soil. Minerals, water, air, and organic material How do the following get into the soil? a. Minerals When rocks are broken apart by chemical and physical processes they release minerals into the soil b. Humus comes from decaying organic material such as leaves and dead organisms Describe the following types of soil. Which type is the best for growing plants? a. Clay has small spaces and water does not move through it rapidly b. Sand has large spaces and water moves through it rapidly c. Silt has medium spaces and the water moves through at a medium pace d. Loam has medium spaces and the water moves through at a medium pace and is the best type of soil for growing crops. What is erosion? The action of processes such as wind and water that move minerals and soil from one place to another. List the two main types of erosion. Water and wind erosion. What determines the texture of soil? The size of particles in the soil determine texture What is porosity? Porosity describes the number of spaces in soil. Why is it important to have organic material in soil? Humus will attract and hold water and release nutrients into the soil for plants to use. What does permeability tell you about soil? Permeability tells you how quickly water will drain or how much water a soil will hold. The more permeable the quicker the water drains. Soils with low permeability hold water better. How does a soil become dense? It gets compacted by heavy equipment or other types of traffic driving over it. What are some consequences that result from the way our food is processed? There are more cases of food poisoning by E.coli and salmonella. Animals are injected with hormones and antibiotics. Animals are mass produced and not treated humanely. How do government subsidies promote unhealthy food? Government subsidize crops such as corn instead of crops such as vegetables so it is cheaper to buy products made from corn that to but vegetables. How has corn altered the food and agricultural industries? Corn is rearranged and manipulated and is used in many of our food products. It is fed to cattle to increase production. Complete the following chart on different farming methods. Farming Method General Description Pros Cons Organic Farming Use natural processes and few to no chemicals or hormones to grow food This process produces healthier food This process is more expensive Genetically Modified Crops Introduce new gene combinations to produce disease and herbicides resistant crops or grow animals bigger faster Crops are resistant to diseases and herbicides and animals grow more quickly Genetic combinations could spread to weeds and make them resistant to herbicides Inhumane treatment of animals No-till Farming Ground cover is not tilled under Eliminates soil loss More problems with weeds and competition Integrated Pest Management Uses a combination of chemicals and biological control to get rid of pests Fewer chemicals are used May introduce invasive species into the environment Poverty and Hunger 1. What are the main causes of hunger in the world? War, famine, poverty, unequal distribution of food 2. What keeps food from getting to the people who need it? War, famine, poverty, corrupt governments, education 3. What are some common myths about the causes of hunger? You can fix the hunger problem by giving enough money Overpopulation = lack of food Food shortage