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LATIN GRAMMAR – WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW FOR GCSE NOUNS You should already know all the endings for the different cases. VERBS You should know the different endings for the present, perfect, imperfect, pluperfect, future and future perfect tenses. PARTICIPLES: like present perfect deponent future ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE all verbs all verbs, except....>>>> a few ingens -ns/-nt- bonus bonus bonus -ur- carrying having been carried having tried being about to carry portans portatus conatus portaturus all verbs Remember PARTICIPLES behave like adjectives – so treat them the same! ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE: noun/pronoun + participle - all in ablative: e.g. his dictis, Hannibal villam intravit Translate "with" + noun/pronoun + participle (in that order): with these words having been said, Hannibal entered the house Then change to decent English - 'when he had said this', 'after he had said this', etc. I love the ablative absolute – it is so neat. The Romans loved it too so watch out for it! PASSIVES: present/future/imperfect: change active personal endings to passive ones – o/m, s, t, mus, tis, nt TO r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur. e.g. amat ( = he loves) >>> amatur ( = he is loved, he is being loved) perf./pluperf./fut.perf.: ppp + sum, eram, ero respectively. N.B. ppp is declinable to agree with the subject of the passive verb. SUBJUNCTIVES: imperfect pluperfect ACTIVE infin. + active pers. ending perf. stem + -sse + pers. ending PASSIVE infin. + passive pers. ending ppp + essem, esses, esset, etc. (i.e. imperfect subjunctive of SUM) ACTIVE personal endings: o/m, s, t, mus, tis, nt PASSIVE personal endings: r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur Remember SUBJUNCTIVES are much more common in Latin and often the English translation sounds the same as the indicative. CUM + imperfect subjunctive = "when/since he was walking", "when/since he was being carried" CUM + pluperfect subjunctive = "when/since he had walked", "when/since he had been carried" INDIRECT QUESTION: verb of asking/finding out/hearing, etc. + question word + imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive e.g. he found out how many soldiers there were cognovit quot milites essent. INDIRECT COMMAND: verb of asking/begging/ordering/persuading, etc. + UT/NE + imperfect subjunctive e.g. he persuaded them to kill the prisoner eis persuasit ut captivum necarent N.B. iubeo & veto take an infinitive instead: veto te cibum consumere (I forbid you to eat the food) iubeo te puellam curare (I order you to look after the girl) INDIRECT STATEMENT: verb of saying/realising/finding out/seeing, etc. + ACCUSATIVE + INFINITIVE a) Translate accusative & infinitive literally b) Insert THAT after verb c) Allow rest of sentence to follow naturally so: audivit eos advenisse he heard them to have arrived he heard THAT... he heard that they had arrived PURPOSE: "in order to", "in order that" – UT/NE + imperfect subjunctive. he entered the camp (in order) to see the general castra intravit ut ducem videret Sometimes UT is replaced by qui or quo: he sent a soldier to ... he found a place to ... militem misit qui ... locum invenit quo ... RESULT: "so many ... that", "to such an extent that" – sign-posting word + UT + imperfect or possibly pluperfect subjunctive tanta erat arrogantia ut milites culparet so great was his arrogance that he blamed the soldiers comparative adjective/adverb + quam ut + subjunctive this is too difficult for me to undertake hoc difficilius erat quam ut id susciperem CONDITIONS: si + future perfect in "if" clause, then future in main clause if you say this, you will be a fool = if you will have said this ... si hoc dixeris, stultus eris GERUNDIVES: recognised by -andum, -endum on end of verb. There are two uses for GCSE: Obligation: mihi currendum est I must run mihi currendum erat I had to run Carthago Romanis delenda est Carthage must be destroyed by the Romans = Romans must destroy Carthage. Purpose: with a view to killing the prisoners ad captivos necandos i.e. with a part of sum it means "must do something", whereas with 'ad' + accusative it is translated as 'in order to do something'. VERBS OF FEARING: timeo and vereor. 'Afraid to…': timeo/vereor + infinitive puella patrem vexare verebatur. The girl was afraid to annoy her father. Fear for future: timeo/vereor NE/NE NON + imperfect subjunctive nauta timebat NE amici mari amitterentur. The sailor feared/was afraid THAT his friends would be lost at sea. dominus veritus est NE pecuniam amissam NON inveniret. The master feared THAT he would NOT find the lost money. Fear for past: timeo/vereor NE/NE NON + pluperfect subjunctive nauta timebat NE amici mari amissi essent. The sailor feared THAT his friends had been lost at sea. dominus veritus est NE servi pecuniam NON invenissent. The master feared THAT the slaves had NOT found the money. TEMPORAL CLAUSES: dum and priusquam dum: (a) dum + PRESENT indicative = while dum cenam PARAT ancilla ridebat. While she was preparing dinner the slave-girl was laughing. (b) dum + PAST indicative tenses = until dum cena parata ERAT ancilla diligenter laborabat. Until the dinner WAS prepared the slave girl was working hard. (c) dum + IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE = until (with anticipation) milites morabantur dum imperator VENIRET ut eos inspiceret. The soldiers were waiting/delaying until the general CAME/SHOULD COME to inspect them. OR were waiting for the general TO COME… priusquam: (a) priusquam + indicative = simply 'before' priusquam vulneratus est, miles erat laetus. Before he was wounded, the soldier was happy. (b) priusquam + imperfect subjunctive = before (with sense of purpose) milites effugerunt priusquam ab imperatore verberarentur. The soldiers escaped before they could be beaten by the general.