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2012
PAT Review – Biological Diversity
Created by Calgary Catholic Teachers
For Calgary Catholic Teachers and Students
4/27/2012
1.1 Types of Variation in Biological Diversity
Key Terms
Variation:
Species:
Variation within a species: Both the wolf (top) and the coyote (bottom) are
both in the Family Canidae. Can you spot the differences between the two?
1.
2.
3.
Variation among species. What differences can you spot in these two animals?
How are they the same? ( Structure, Behaviour, Reproduction)
Different?
1.
2.
Same?
1.
2.
1.1 Questions
FYI: Making practice
questions more
meaningful:
When looking at
questions explain WHY
the answer IS CORRECT
and WHY the OTHER
options are INCORRECT.
This way each question
allows you to review the
concepts better.
Use this space to record
your reasons:
1.2 Niches
Explain what the niche of this animal is:
Key Terms
Niche: role of a organism in
an environment
Generalist: able to spread
over large area
Specialist: can only survive
in specific area
Above are the pictures of a panda and a mouse. Can you explain which
one is a generalist and which one is a specialist? Which one lives in a
narrow niche? Which one lives in a broad niche? Determine how each of
these elements relate to each other.
1.2 Niches
Representation
Narrow-niche: can survive
using only one type of
resource
Symbiotic:
relationship
between two organisms
Complete the following chart.
Name
Mutualism
Commencalism
Parasitism
Broad-niche: can survive
using diverse type of
resources
Examples
Explain how this picture is an example of resource partitionning.
Mutualism: relation good
for both organisms
Commensalism: relation
good for one organism but
that does not affect the
other organism involved
Parasitism: relation good
for one organism but bad
for the other one.
Specialization: when an
organism needs a specific
resource to survive.
Resource
partitioning:
when organisms share
different part of a resource.
Interspecific competition:
when 2 different species
compete for the same
resources
1.2 Questions
2. Given the trends on the graph shown above, which species has the broadest niche?
a.
b.
c.
d.
W
X
Y
Z
3. Use this map to answer the question below
According to the information aboce, the white-tailed jackrabbit has a ______I_______ niche
and is a better exemple of a __________ii__________ species than the snowshoe hare.
The statement above is completed by the information in row
Row
i
A.
Broader
B.
Broader
C.
Narrower
D.
narrower
ii
Generalist
specialist
generalist
Specialist
1.3& 1.4 Identify the Role
of Variation Within a
Species
Variation: Differences
within and between
species.
Natural Selection: a
process in which the
environment “selects”
which individuals will
survive and reproduce.
The bird flying above is hunting for mice below. Which of the mice are
most likely to fall prey to the bird? Which of the mice are most likely to
survive? What pattern do you observe from frame 1 to frame 3?
Variation is found in all organisms. Natural variation occurs as a result of a
population of organisms’ interaction with their environment. Natural
variation increases the chances of an organism surviving to reproduce.
Natural variation can help an organism survive in a severe environment
(cold temperature, drought, etc…) or help its survival by increasing its
resistance to disease.
1.3 & 1.4 Questions
Questions
Use the following diagram to answer the question below.
4. Which of the following explanations best represents the changes in the diagram above?
a) the variations seen in the ducks has increased its population
b) the variations seen in the ducks has reduced its population
c) as factors in the duck’s environment change, some variations seen in the ducks are more successful
than others
d) as factors in the duck’s environment change, all variations seen in the ducks are successful
Use the following chart to answer the question below.
How Variation Affects Species Ability to
25 Respond to a Particular Disease
20
Population of
different
variations in
the same
species
15
variation A
10
variation B
5
variation C
variation D
0
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time (months)
5. Identify the variation within species that is the most resistant to a particular disease using the following
chart.
a)
b)
c)
d)
A
B
C
D
2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Diagram



General
Information

Used in simple organisms
Only one parent needed to
procreate
All offspring are identical to
parent
Examples are: budding,
suckering, runner, tuber,
binary fission, spore
production, vegetative
reproduction






Used in more complex organisms
Involves 2+ organisms coming
together to procreate
Have a mix of characteristics
from parents
Animals: sperm + egg = zygote
Plants: pollen + ova = seed = new
plant
Examples are: seed production,
egg fertilization
Create a Venn Diagram showing the similarities and differences between Asexual and
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
Budding
Binary
Fission
Spores
Vegetative
reprodution
Yeast
Bacteria
Examples:
hydra, yeast, coral
Examples:
bacteria, amoeba,
algae
Examples:
fungi, green algae,
moulds, ferns)
Mushroom


Binary Fission - only single-celled
organisms reproduce in this way.
The cell splits into two cells and
each one is identical.
Examples: coleus
Potato
plant, spider plants,
strawberries,
aspen, potatoes
Description: There are 4 types of asexual reproduction


Budding - the parent organism
produces a bud (a smaller version
of itself), which eventually
detaches itself from the parent and
becomes a self-sufficient individual
- identical to the parent. Coral also
reproduces in this way, but do not
detach themselves
Budding is when the organism produce a bud
Binary fission the single-celled organism splits in 2 identical
halves
Spore production is when the parent releases spores (smaller
genetically-identical offspring in the air).
Vegetative reproduction is when a plant reproduces an
identical offspring by using a part of its self (ex: roots: tuber and
bulbs, branches: runners and suckers).
Spore Production - spores are
similar to seeds, but are produced
by the division of cells on the
parent, not by the union of two
cells. One parent may produce
many spores, each of which will
grow into a new individual,
identical to its parent.
2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
In
Animals
In Plants
Explanation: Sexual reproduction involves the union of 2 gametes (male and female), each of
which contain one set of chromosomes. The union of the gametes (=fertilization) creates the first cell
of the organism (= zygote) which contains 2 sets of chromosomes. This cell then divides to create the
organism


Cross-pollination: when the pollen that lands on the stigma comes from another plant (of the
same species)
Cross-fertilization : when the pollen that fertilizes the ova comes from another plant (of the
same species)
2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Advantages





Fast
↑ number of offspring
No partner needed
Efficient
No specialized cells


No genetic variation
Sensitive to environmental
change/need a constant
environment for success
Disadvantages
Aphid




↑ Genetic diversity
Recombine traits
Lots of variation (genes
recombining)
Help organism survive environmental
change
 Slow
 ↓ number of offspring
 2 parents (need to attract mate)
 Need special organs
 Energy Expensive
 Predation Risk
 Disease Risk
Some animals can reproduce in more than one way!
Aphids: sexually AND asexually – dependent on food availability
Sponges: sexually AND asexually
DID YOU
KNOW?
Sponge
Fern
Ferns: spores (get released) and sexual reproduction (needs spore to
get fertilized)
2.1 & 3.2 Questions
6. Sexual reproduction in plants and animals relies on the union of
two specialized cells called …
A. zygotes
B. embryos
C. gametes
D. stamens
7. When a female cell (egg) is penetrated by a male cell (sperm)
this occurs during …
A. fertilization
B. cleavage
C. pollination
D. specialization
8. A benefit of asexual reproduction is that it
A. produces many offspring
B. increases genetic diversity
C. increases species diversity
D. requires specialized structures
9. A sperm cell has the same number of chromosomes as
A. an egg cell
B. an embryo
C. a blood cell
D. a zygote
10. Which of the following biological processes is best
represented by the diagram above?
A. Meiosis
B. Budding
C. Binary Fission
D. Spore production
FYI: Making practice questions
more meaningful:
When looking at questions
explain WHY the answer IS
CORRECT and WHY the OTHER
options are INCORRECT. This
way each question allows you
to review the concepts better.
Use this space to record your
reasons:
Use the following information to answer the next question.
Reproductive Characteristics of a Particular Species




Able to reproduce once a year only
Able to reproduce two offspring each time it reproduces
Genetic information transferred to the offspring during
reproduction
One or two zygotes formed in the reproductive process
11. Which of the following statements correctly describes the reproductive process of this
species?
A. Reproduction is sexual because genetic information is transferred to the offspring only
from the female
B. Reproduction is sexual because a zygote is formed
C. Reproduction is asexual because few offspring ate produced at one time
D. Reproduction is asexual because the species might only have an offspring every six
months.
Use the diagram below to answer the next numerical response question
Numerical Response #1
________
Process 1
_________
Process 2
_________
Process 3
________
Process 4
Label the following processes using (some processes may be used more than once)
1 = Mitosis
2 = Meiosis
3 = Fertilization
Label the diagram using these
words:
Meiosis
Fertilization
Egg
Sperm
Mitosis
Zygote
12. An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that it allows:
A. Protection for the offspring
B. More offspring to be produced
C. More genetic variation among the offspring
D. None of the above
Use the following information to answer the question below
An adult hydra develops a swelling on the side of its body. Eventually,
this swelling grows tentacles and starts to feed. The swelling breaks
away from the mother hydra and floats freely until it lands on a surface
where it attaches for support and starts to live independently.
13. Reproduction of this type is known most specifically as
A. Budding
B. Binary Fission
C. Sexual Reproduction
D. Asexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Definition:
Cell division that = 2
daughter cells, each
with HALF the # of
chromosomes of parent
cell, for reproduction
Found in:
Gamete cells ONLY
Example:
Egg, sperm
Trick for remembering:
mEosis has an “E” in it like
the sEx cells it happens in
Mitosis
Definition:
Cell division that = 2
identical daughter cells,
with the same # of
chromosomes as parent
cell, for repairing/growth
Found in:
All cells BUT gamete cells
Example:
muscle, tissue, hair,
stomach, blood, skin etc.
Trick for remembering:
MIT = my identical twin
Definitions:
Mitosis: used for growing
46 chromosomes
46
chromosomes
Example:
Skin cell
Cheek cell
Example:
Sperm
Egg
46
chromosomes
Meiosis: used for reproduction
23 chromosomes
HUMANS: 46 chromosomes
2.1 & 3.2 Sexual vs. Asexual
3.0 Describe, in general terms, the role of genetic materials in the continuity and variation of
species characteristics
3.1 Describe, in general, the role and relationship of chromosomes, genes and DNA
Genetic Code
components
Chromosome
Encyclopedia
components
A volume of an
encyclopedia
Definition
Gene
One article of
information
Gene is an uninterrupted segment of DNA,
which has coded instructions for the organism.
Researchers found out that (by working on the
fruit fly):
Chromosomes carry genes, that code for
the transmission of traits/hereditary
information.






DNA
Word
Genes are located in the chromosomes
Each chromosome has numerous gene
locations
Genes come in pairs
Both genes in a pair carry DNA
instructions for the same thing
Specific characteristic genes occupy
matching locations on the two
chromosomes
DNA code may not be exactly the same
in both locations
The blueprint that is passed on (heritable
characteristic) from the parents to the
offspring is found in a molecule of the
cell nuclei
Putting it all together:
Describe in your own words how a chromosome,
genes and DNA are connected.
2.1/3.1 Questions
FYI: Making practice
questions more
meaningful:
Use the information below to answer the next question:
Human cells normally have 46 chromosomes. Klinefelter syndrome results
when human cells have 47 chromosomes.
14. Klinefelter syndrome is the result of a defect that occurs during:
A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Artificial Selection
D. Asexual Reproduction
Use the following information to answer the next question
Labrador retrievers have 78 chromosomes in each of their muscle
cells.
15. Which biological processes ensures that a male Labrador retriever’s
sprem cells will each have 39 chromosomes?
A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Selective breeding
D. Artificial selection
When looking at
questions explain
WHY the answer IS
CORRECT and WHY
the OTHER options
are INCORRECT. This
way each question
allows you to review
the concepts better.
Use this space to
record your reasons:
16. Which of the following does mitosis normally accomplish?
A. Production of two identical daughter cells
B. Production of two nuclei with identical genetic content
C. Precise division of the cytoplasm, and its distribution to two daughter cells
D. Reproduction of mitochondria and chloroplasts
17. Meiosis involves _____ division(s) of a nucleus
A. One
B. Two
C. Four
D. Eight
18. Which of the following are ways that meiosis differs from mitosis?
A. In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced
B. In meiosis, the daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell
C. In Meiosis, at least some of the daughter cells differ genetically from each other
D. All of the above
Use the following information to answer the question below
Number of
Chromosomes in a
Body Cell
Number of
Chromosomes in a
Gamete Cell
Number of
Chromosomes in a
Zygote
36
Y
36
Wheat
X
21
42
Cow
60
30
Z
Organism
Earthworm
19. Which of the following rows identifies the values of X, Y, and Z?
Row
X
Y
Z
A.
21
18
30
B.
21
36
30
C.
42
18
20
D.
42
36
60
2.2 Discrete and Continuous Variation
Discrete
Variation
•the difference in
characteristics that
have a defined form.
•"either or"/ "yes or no"
•There are NO in
between possiblities
Examples :
- straight thumb or bend
thumb
- attached earlobe or free
earlobe
- blood type (A, B, AB or O)
- can or can’t roll your tongue
Examples :
Continuous
Variation
•the difference in
characteristics that have
a range of forms.
• LOTS of possibillities (ex:
all shades of colours)
- height
- weight
- skin, hair and eye colour
2.2 Questions
Numerical Response #2
Use the following code to indicate the type of variation that is associated with each of the
human traits listed below.
1 = Discrete variation
2 = Continuous variation
Variation: ___________
Trait: Gender
___________
____________
Height
Hand size
20. Which of the following is an example of discrete variation in genetics?
A) weight
B) skin colour
C) height
D) right- or left-handedness
21. Which of the following is an example of continuous variation in genetics?
A) blood type
B) hair colour
C) having attached or detached earlobes
D) whether you can roll your tongue
2.3 Heritable and Non-heritable Characteristics
Heritable Characteristic:
- characteristics of parents
that are transmitted to the
offspring. Past on from
genereation to genereation.
Ex:
- skin colour (without sun
exposure)
-eye colour
- shape of nose
- hair texture
Characteristics for which
heredity and environment
both play a role:
- some characteristics that
are inherited can also be
altered by environmental
factors
Ex:
Non-heritable Characteristic:
- characteristics that aren't
transferred by genes from the
parents, they are acquired
after fertilzation.
Ex:
-fetal alchol syndrome
- scar, fractures
- tanning, dying your hair,
piercings, tatoos
- learning a language
- learning a sport or how to
play an instrument
- high impact exercise
during growth period can
decrease your height
- eating more can make you
overweight even if your
parents are slim
- sun tanning can make your
skin darker
2.3 Questions
22. Which of the following is strictly hereditary?
a) favourite food
b) hair length
c) first language
d) eye colour
23. What are the roles of heredity and the environment in the skin colour of a person?
a) heredity plays a role but not the environment
b) the environment plays a role but not the heredity
c) heredity and environment both play a role
d) neither heredity of environment plays a role
24. Which of the following heritable human traits cannot be influenced by the environment?
A. Height
B. Weight
C. Skin colour
D. Earlobe attachment
25. Which of the following human traits is influenced by environmental factors?
A. Mass
B. Blood type
C. Colour-blindness
D. Ability to roll tongue
26. Which part of a cell carries information about heritable traits?
A. A cell wall
B. A chloroplast
C. A chromosome
D. A cell membrane
27. Please use the information in the table below to answer this question.
2.4 Dominant and Recessive Traits
Dominant Trait is shown when
you have these combinations
Dominant
traits:
• the trait that is
expressed/visible
in all events when
it is inherited.
BB or Bb
Recessive
traits:
• a trait that can be
Recessive Trait is shown when
you have this combination
expressed (=visible)
only when 2 nondominant genes
are inherited.
bb
Male
b
Female
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
Female’s gene pair
B
Male’s gene
pair
B
b
B
b
Possible
combinations
of gene pairs
that the
offspring can
receive
Explanation: Parents contain a pair of each gene for a specific trait. During reproduction, each
parent can only give one gene per specific trait. The offspring inherits two genes (creating a pair) for
that specific trait (one from each parent).
**Incomplete dominance
28.
A man and a woman who both have brown hair have three children. Two of the
children have brown hair and one child has blonde hair.
The gene that codes for brown hair (B) is dominant to the gene that codes for blonde
hair (b).
The gene pair combinations of the man and the woman are most likely
A. bb and bb
B. Bb and Bb
C. BB and Bb
D. BB and BB
29.
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, experimented with pea plants. He observed
that when a plant that produced round seeds was mated with a plant that
produced wrinkled seeds, the resulting offspring produced only round seeds.
A conclusion that can be drawn from Mendel’s experiment is that the wrinkled-seed
trait is
A. dominant and no longer part of the offspring’s DNA
B. recessive and still a part of the offspring’s DNA
C. dominant and still part of the offspring’s DNA
30.
If you cross a black cow with a white cow and got offspring that were grey, what pattern of
inheritance is that?
A) purebred
B) dominance
C) incomplete dominance
D) recessiveness
31. Please use the information in the tables below to help answer this question.
B = Black Allele
b = White Allele
Mother's Alleles
(Black Cat)
Father's Alleles
(Black Cat)
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
bB
bb
If black fur colour is a dominant trait in cats, what percent of offspring from the two black cats in the
table are predicted to have a black coat?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 0%
32. If cats can only have a black coat or a white coat, and a black coat is a dominant trait,
which of the following is not a possible outcome?
A) Two white cats making a black kitten
B) Two black cats making a white kitten
C) Two white cats making a white kitten
D) Two black cats making a black kitten
33. A male fruit fly that has large wings contains 2 alleles of large wings. It crosses with a female fruit
fly that has small wings and contains 2 alleles of small wings. The offspring all have large wings. What
does this indicate on the large wings trait?
a) It’s dominant
b) It’s recessive
c) It’s incomplete dominance
D) none of these answers
34. A species of red flowers is crossed with a species of blue flowers to produce purple offspring. This
is an example of:
a) dominant trait
b) recessive trait
c) incomplete dominance
D) none of these answers
35. Genes are to chromosomes like
A) beads are to a necklace
B) the Sun is to planets
C) arms are to legs
D) dogs are to cats
3.4 Distinguishing between Natural and Artificial Selection
Key terms:
-
Natural Selection:
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
Evolution
3 criteria exist for natural selection to occur within a species:
1. There must be variation within the population of organisms
2. The variation must be heritable (passed on from parents to offspring)
3. There must be differences in reproductive success (the more “fit” pass on their heritable
genes)
** “Fit” does not mean that an individual is in good shape(works out). Fit means they are best able to
survive and reproduce in the current environmental conditions. These individuals are the most
successful.
Charles Darwin combined these ideas to propose the theory of evolution.
A diagram summarizing what is needed for a species to undergo evolution (successful change over
time in regards to adapting to changing environments) which results in speciation. Below is a picture
of all the finches found on the Galapagos Islands.
Did You Know?
-
Your family pet is a product of artificial
selection
Farmers have been practicing artificial
selection for hundreds of years
What does it mean in the above cartoon with the beaver? Why is this not natural selection?
Artificial Selection:
Human intervention in animal or plant reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits are represented in successive
generations.
In your own words, looking at the cartoon – which animal is the product of artificial selection? Why do humans practice
artificial selection?
If all dogs originally came from the Grey Wolf, how did so many breeds arise? What type of selection is this (natural or
artificial)?
Pros for Artificial Selection – having humans select the desired traits results in “breeds” of animals such as dogs with
traits that people want.
Cons for Artificial Selection – a reduction in genetic diversity. As well, the changes within the breed do not reflect the
changes that are occurring environmentally. In many cases, artificial selection is making the animal/plant less “fit”.
An example of artificial selection making an animal less fit is:
Explain the similarities and differences between natural & artificial selection with this
Venn diagram.
Practice Questions
36. A farmers use of only his best livestock for breeding is an example of?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Natural selection
Directional selection
Evolution
Artificial selection
37. Using the picture of the birds (all Finches) beside this question, what process
caused for these differences to arise?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Natural selection
Behavioral isolation
Artificial selection
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
38. Differences among individuals of the same species (using the diagram above of different types of horses) are
referred to as _____.
A. variation
B. adaptation
C. fitness
D. natural selection
Please Note – Treat this question below as Numerical Response #3 (not the NR #1 as shown in the diagram) in your
answer booklet.
39. Which of the following is not an advantage of artificial selection in dogs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
new breeds are created
desired characteristics such as coloring is created
more genetic variation is created within the species
people desire the dogs because of their breeding qualities
40. Please use the table below to answer the next question.
Which physical adaptation is a result of artificial selection?
A.
B.
C.
D.
I
II
III
IV
41. Which of the following statements represents best an example of artificial selection?
a) salmon unable to go back to breeding grounds because of a river damn
b) a farmer breeds his best milk producing cows to get better milk producing offspring
c) overtime, mosquitoes become more resistant to pesticides
d) in a rainforest, plants on the ground produce large leaves in order to compensate for lack
of sunlight.
3.5 Genetic Technologies
3.5 Describe, in simple terms, some genetic technologies (eg. Cloning and genetic engineering); and identify
questions and issues related to their application.
Key Terms:
-
Cloning
Genetic engineering
Cloning - The transplantation of a
nucleus from a somatic cell into an
ovum, which then develops into an
embryo.
-
The offspring produced is
genetically identical to the
parent the cell was taken
from
In your own words from this cartoon, what
does genetically altered (genetic
engineering mean?
Did You Know?
Scientists have genetically modified sweet
corn so that it produces a poison which kills
harmful insects. This means the farmer no
longer needs to fight insects with
insecticides.
Genetic Engineering - Genetic engineering,
also called genetic modification, is the direct
human manipulation of an organism's
genome using modern DNA technology. It
involves the introduction of foreign DNA or
synthetic genes into the organism of
interest.
-
Pros for Sweet Corn –
Genetic Engineering involves
taking DNA from one organism
and placing it into another
organism. For example –
tomato’s with Arctic Char (Fish)
genes to survive cold weather.
Cons for Sweet Corn –
(hint) think of how it could affect many types of species.
42. What is the name of the process in which the sperm of a bull is collected and inserted inside many
cows?
a) in vitro fertilization
b) cross-pollination
c) asexual reproduction
d) artificial insemination
43. Scientists can insert a particular gene into corn kernels in order to protect corn
against insect pests. This procedure is an example of
A. artificial selection
B. artificial insemination
C. selective breeding
D. genetic engineering
44. Please use the information below to answer this question
Biotechnology Practices
1 Corn plants with desirable characteristics are identified within a crop.
Only seeds from these plants are used to grow next year’s crop.
2 Cells taken from a pea plant with desirable characteristics are
reproduced in a Petri dish that contains nutrients necessary for growth.
3 Embryos are produced from the sperm and eggs of a prize bull and cow.
These embryos are implanted into other cows.
4 Human genes are inserted into the fertilized eggs of cows.
Which biotechnology practice listed above has the longest history of use?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Vocabulary:
4.1 Species Abundance
Abundance: A great or plentiful
amount.
4.1
Cooler Envionments:
Artic/Polar: Typically cold
weather, with extended periods
of freezing and limited sunlight.
(Artic, Antarctic, Northern
Canada)
Temperate: A combination of
Artic and Tropical locations.
(United states and some lower
Canadian provinces)
Temperatures at the equator are most suitable for life to flourish
whereas the cooler temperatures at the pole create
environments which are too harsh for species to survive.
Scientist estimate there are between 3-100 million species on
Earth. However this only includes species with complex cells.
The most abundant species on our planet is insects which
scientists believe make up 60% or Earth'
Tropical: Typically warmer and
more humid environments that
see lots of sun and moisture
throughout their year. ( Mexico,
Costa Rica, Nicaragua)
Warmer Environments
4.1 Questions
Use the map below to answer the following question.
45. Where would you find the greatest abundance of species?
a)
b)
c)
d)
A
B
C
D
46. Which of the following ecosystems would you expect to find the greatest diversity of insects?
a)
b)
c)
d)
temperate grasslands
tropical rainforests
tundra
oceanic - deep water
47. Identify which of the following graphs best illustrates the impact of a growing population of
humans has on the amount of diversity of organisms in the specific area?
4.2 Extinction and Extirpation
Vocabulary:
Threatened: Decreased number
of species, possibility of becoming
endangered.
4.2
Endangered: Could become
endangered or extirpated in the
near future.
Common Name: Dodo Bird
Plains Grizzly Bear
Binomial Name: Raphous cucullatos
Ursus arctos
Extinction: The disappearance of every individual of a species from the
entire planet. The dodo bird disappeared from their only habitat of
Mauritius Island 80 years after humans first landed there.
Extirpation: Is a local disappearance of a species from a particular
area. Plains Grizzly Bears are no longer found in the prairies of Canada,
but are found only in mountainous regions now.
Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation




Catastrophic/Natural Disasters: Volcanoes, floods, fires.
Lack of food due to overpopulation
Disease related to overpopulation
Overspecialization: A species to a narrow set of environmental
condition. If the food they eat disappears they are not able to
adapt to a new food source.
Human Causes of Extinctions and Extirpations



Habitat Destruction: Logging, Agricultural, Dams,
Introduction of non-native species which out compete natural
species.
Over-hunting: such as the over hunting of Bison in the 19th
century by European Settlers
Panda Bears - Ailuropoda
melanoleuca
Panda’s only eat bamboo, their
digestive tracts are unable to
process any other type of plant. If
bamboo were to disappear totally
Panda would risk extinction.
4.2 Questions
Numerical Response #4:
Newspaper Headlines
1.
2.
3.
4.
“Animal Trafficking- Can It Be Stopped?”
“Banff National Park Celebrates Anniversary”
“Baby Elephant Born at City Zoo”
“Disease Destroys Rare Plant Seeds”
Match each of the newspaper headlines numbered above with the conservation strategy to which it
BEST relates.
Captive Breeding programs
_____
Establishment of seed banks
_____
Designation of protected areas
_____
Development of international treaties
_____
Six Causes of Extinction of Animal Species
I. Loss of habitat as a result of coal production
II. Introduction of non-native species
III. Over- hunting
IV. Disease
V. Lightning strike forest fire
VI. Starvation due to overpopulation
48. Of the causes of the extinction of animal species listed above, the three that could be natural
causes are those numbered.
a) II, III, and IV
b) I, IV, and V
c) IV, V and VI
d) I, V and VI
49. The northern Leopard Frog was once present throughout central Alberta, but is no longer found in
this area. This species is said to be:
a) Extinct
b) Endangered
c) Threatened
d) Extirpated
4.3 The current goal of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity is too:
1. Conserve biodiversity
2. Sustainable use of biodiversity
3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
Vocabulary:
In-Situ Conservation:
Maintenance of a population of
wild organisms in their
functioning ecosystems without
any interruptions:
Ex-Situ Conservation: The
conservation of species outside of
their natural habitat.
Picture Website:
http://cpawsmb.org/campaigns/
parks
In-Situ Conservation
1. Protected Areas: Each province has protected-areas strategies such as
national parks, provincial parks, marine parks and recreation areas with
the hope of allowing organisms to live relatively undisturbed in their
natural environment.
2. Restoration of Ecosystems and Species: Charities and Non-profit
organizations like Ducks Unlimited will acquire land to ensure the
protection of native species and natural areas.
Did you Know:
The first National Park in Canada
was Banff National Park in 1885.
Ducks Unlimited has over 1800
projects currently on the go in
Alberta alone.
3. Resource Use Policies: Laws are created by National and Provincial
governments to protect species at risk.
4. Controlling Spread of Exotic Species: Past experience has taught us
that introducing new species can be disastrous to native species.
The Calgary Zoo has over 1000
animals and 290 different species
currently inhabiting the zoo.
Ex-Situ Conservation
1. Seed banks: Collecting seeds of different plants to maintain their
genetic code.
2. Zoo: Maintaining small populations of animals to prevent extinction.
Major problem issue is some animals won’t breed in captivity.
50. Canada is one of the leaders on the international scene with regards to the establishment of
National Parks such as in Banff or Jasper. The best reason for the development of National
Parks is:
a) Maintenance of a pristine region of land to be admired by all citizens now and for the
future.
b) Stopping the over-hunting of animals due to illegal hunting.
c) Saving the natural biodiversity of the area by maintaining the interactions that naturally
occur there.
d) Bolstering local and provincial economies by providing a setting ideal for tourism.
51. The European starling, brought by settlers to New York, now lives in almost all of Canada. This is
an example of:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ex-situ conservation
Spread of exotic species
Habitat destruction
In-situ conservation
52. The protected areas of Canada like National and Provincial parks allow organisms to live
undisturbed in their natural habitat. This is an example of:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ex-situ conservation
Biotechnology
Habitat modification
In-situ conservation
4.4 Society and Biotechnology
Vocabulary:
Bacillus Thuringiensis: Is a type
of bacteria found in guts of
caterpillars, moths and butterflies
that is toxic to plant eating
insects. The gene can be
extracted for the toxin can be
extracted and inserted into
different types of plants.
4.4
Society and Biotechnology:
Genetic Engineering: Refers to
any technology that directly
alters the DNA of an organism.
Super Cow
Normal Bull
Risk ine)
Animals: Artificial Selection reduces genetic variation in
descendants
which could lead to increased disease or birth
f)
defects.
Risk in Plants: Genes like BT
(Bacillus Thuringiensis) can
be inserted into crops like
corn through genetic
modification. The concern is
that the corn plant will
inadvertently cross pollinate
with native weeds creating
plants that are resistant to
herbicides and/or pesticides.
Artificial Selection: Is the
process of breeding individuals
with desirable traits to produce
offspring that have theses desired
traits.
4.4
Questions
53. Companies created Round-up ready crops, where by a farmer can use one application of
the herbicide to kill weeds in his field. Biologists in the area have recently discovered a weed
that is resistant to round-up even though previously it was not. What could be the potential
cause of this weeds new found ability to resist herbicides?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The weed has naturally developed a resistance to the herbicide round up.
Farmers have applied herbicides wrong.
Crops with the resistant gene have crossbred with their native weed cousins.
A new type of weed has been discovered.
54. Most of the fish purchased in groceries stores is now genetically modified farmed fish as
opposed to wild salmon species. Identify which of the following are issues related to this type
of selected breeding that are a concern for reducing the biological diversity of salmon
species.
I.
Decreased chance for disease
II.
Reduction of genetic variation
III.
Less chance of birth defects
IV.
Hybrization between modified and natural species.
a)
b)
c)
d)
I and III
II and III
III and IV
II and IV
Name: _______________________________ Date:
1.
31.
2.
32.
3.
33.
4.
34.
5.
35.
6.
36.
7.
37.
8.
38.
9.
39.
10.
40.
11.
41.
12.
42.
13.
43.
14.
44.
15.
45.
16.
46.
17.
47.
18.
48.
19.
49.
20.
50.
21.
51.
22.
52.
23.
53.
24.
54.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Numerical Response Section.
Please make sure to write in your answer in the 4 columns, as well as filling in the matching number (bubble) below.
1.
3.
2.
4.
Answer Key for Biological Diversity Booklet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
C
A
D
C
B
C
A
A
A
C
B
Numerical Response #1
2311
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
C
A
B
B
A
B
A
C
Numerical Response #2
122
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
D
B
D
C
D
A
C
D
B
B
C
C
A
A
C
A
D
A
38. A
Numerical Response #3
2314
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
C
A
B
D
D
A
C
B
D
Numerical Response #4
3421
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
C
D
C
B
D
C
D