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Chapter 3
Ecosystems: What Are
They and How Do They
Work?
The Earth’s Life-Support Systems
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Vegetation and animals
Soil
Crust
Rock
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
core
Lithosphere
geosphere
Biosphere
Mantle
Crust
Crust
(soil and rock)
Biosphere
(Living and dead
organisms)
Hydrosphere
(water)
Lithosphere
(crust, top of upper mantle)
Atmosphere
(air)
Fig. 3-6
Species=A group of sexually reproducing organisms. Set of
individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring.
Genetic diversity
Ecological and Species Diversity
Habitat?
Some Levels of Organization of
3-3
Matter in Nature
Population, community,
ecosystem?
Science Focus:
Have You Thanked the Insects
Today?
• Many plant species depend on insects for
pollination.
• Insect can control other pest insects by eating
them
Figure 3-1
Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones
Land zone
Transition zone
Number
of species
Species in land zone
Species in aquatic zone
Species in transition
zone only
Aquatic zone
• Go to chp. 7 rainforest animation
The Biotic Components of
Ecosystems
 Producers
(autotrophs)
Heat
 Photosynthesis
 Consumers
(heterotrophs)
 Aerobic
respiration
 Decomposers
Abiotic chemicals
(carbon dioxide,
oxygen, nitrogen,
minerals)
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat
Decomposers
(bacteria, fungus)
Heat
Producers
(plants)
Consumers
(herbivores,
Carnivores,omnivores)
Heat
Fig. 3.12
Producers: Basic Source of All
Food
• Most producers capture sunlight to produce
carbohydrates by photosynthesis:
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration:
Getting Energy for Survival
• Organisms break down carbohydrates and other
organic compounds in their cells to obtain the
energy they need.
• This is usually done through aerobic respiration.
– The opposite of photosynthesis
Connections: Food Chains and Energy
Flow in Ecosystems
Ecological efficiency=10%
Loss?
Fig. 3-13
Humans
Blue whale
Food
web
Sperm whale
Killer
whale
Elephant
seal
Crabeater seal
Leopard
seal
Emperor
penguin
Adélie
penguins
Petrel
Squid
Fish
Carnivorous plankton
Herbivorous
zooplankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
Fig 3-14
Sun
Respiration
Gross primary
production
Growth and reproduction
Energy lost
and unavailable
to consumers
Net primary
production
(energy available
to consumers)
• What are nature’s three most productive and three
least productive systems?
Figure 3-16
Principles of Ecological Factors
Abiotic factors Law of tolerance
Limiting factors
Biotic factors
Lower limit
of tolerance
Few
organisms
Abundance of organisms
Few
organisms
No
organisms
Population size
No
organisms
Upper limit
of tolerance
Zone of
Zone of
intolerance physiological stress
Low
Optimum range
Temperature
Zone of
Zone of
physiological stress intolerance
High
Fig. 3-10
Solar
radiation
Greenhouse Effect-natural
Energy in = Energy out
Reflected by
atmosphere (34% )
Radiated by
atmosphere as
heat (66%)
UV radiation
Absorbed
by ozone
Visible
Light
Absorbed
by the
earth
Lower Stratosphere
(ozone layer)
Troposphere Greenhouse
effect
Heat
Heat radiated
by the earth
Fig. 3-8,
Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Clearing
vegetation
Use large
amounts of
water
Fig. 3-17
The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)
Atmosphere
(mainly carbon dioxide)
volcanic action
Terrestrial
rocks
weathering
photosynthesis
aerobic
respiration
Land food webs
combustion of
wood (for clearing
land; or for fuel
sedimentation
producers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
Soil water
(dissolved carbon)
leaching
runoff
Interactivity- #11
Global
warmingcarbon
dioxide
death, burial, compaction
over geologic time
Peat,
fossil fuels
Fig. 3-18
The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)
diffusion between
atmosphere and ocean
combustion of fossil
fuels
Carbon dioxide
dissolved in
ocean water
photosynthesis
aerobic
respiration
Marine food webs
producers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
incorporation
death,
into sediments sedimentation
uplifting over
geologic
time
Marine sediments, including
formations with fossil fuels
sedimentation
Fig. 3.18
The Sulfur
Cycle
Acid Rain:
Makes plants
and animals
vulnerable to
drought and
pests.
Coal and
industry sources
3-22
Biomes-Large ecological regions with characteristic
types of natural vegetation and distinctive animals.
Most important factor influence: climate
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Desert
Tundra
Deciduous Forest
Coniferous Forest
Tropical Rainforest
Mid-latitude Grasslands
Tropical Savanna Grasslands
Chaparrel or Mediterranean Sclerophyllous
Woodland
Information on biomes
• Chapter 7 has maps( shows you where your biomes are
located Fig 7-8 and discusses biomes.
• The web- Search for pictures and more information
• Goodwill magazines- Redondo and Anaheim
• Poster board one per group and other supplies- Target or
bookstore. Scissors, glue, markers, poster board.
• Worth 25 points. –15 points poster, 10 points notes on
other biomes Extra credit available
The Earth’s Major Biomes
7-8
Broad-winged
hawk
Hairy
Woodpecker
Gray
Squirrel
White oak
White-tailed
deer
Metallic
wood-boring
beetle and
Larvae
White-footed
mouse
Mountain
Winterberry
Shagbark hickory
Fungi
May beetle
Long-tailed
weasel
Bacteria
Producer
to primary
consumer
Racer
Wood frog
Primary
to
secondary
consumer
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
Chp. 7
Evelyn Hutchinson
• The Earth’s thin film of living matter is
sustained by grand scale cycles of energy
and chemical elements
• End chapter 3