Download Page 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Page 2 Learning)and

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Learning)and)behavioral)psychology)
Learning/involves!the!acquisition!&!modification!of!knowledge,!skills,!strategies,!beliefs,!attitudes!and!behaviours.!Learning!involves!cognitive,!linguistic,!motor,!and!
social!skills!and!can!take!many!forms.!
G))Behavioural)approaches)to)learning!
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Behavioural)approaches)focus)on)the)way)objects)or)events)in)the)environment)(stimuli))
come)to)control)behavior)through)learning)!
Classical)Conditioning)(Pavlov))
Learning!through!repeated!association!between!2!or!more!stimuli.!!
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A!previously!neutral!stimulus!elicits!a!response!after!being!paired!with!a!stimulus!that!
automatically!elicits!a!response.!!
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We!can!pair!a!conditioned!with!an!unconditioned!stimulus!to!obtain!a!conditioned!response.!This!can!be!
used!to!change!behavior.!
Extinction:!extinction!of!the!conditioned!stimulus!(salivation!in!response!to!the!bell)!can!occur!if!the!CS!bell!
is!presented!without!the!US.!The!condition!will!gradually!disappear.!!
Implication:!You!can!change!behavior!by!ceasing!the!pairing!of!the!conditioned!stimulus!&!the!
unconditioned!stimulus!
Spontaneous/recovery:!a!CR!(salivation!in!response!to!the!light!or!bell)!will!reappear!after!a!rest!period,!
even!after!a!series!of!CS!(no!US)!pairings.!
Implication:!You!can!think!that!a!behavior!has!ceased!but!it!can!easily!return.!Need!to!be!aware!of!this!and!
make!clients!aware!of!this.!
Stimulus/Generalization:!a!CR!(salivation)!to!one!CS!seems!to!generalize!to!other!closely!related!stimuli!–!
e.g.!bells!with!slightly!different!tones!
Implication:!We!do!not!need!to!teach!every!skill!/!behavior!
Discrimination/to/a/conditioned/stimulus:!after!teaching!a!CR,!subsequent!pairings!to!different!conditioned!
stimuli!can!result!in!selective!Conditioned!Responses!so!that!only!the!CS!most!closely!matching!the!training!
CS!obtained!a!response.!
Eg:!4!bell!sounds,!dog!responds!only!to!two!of!them.!Implication:!Able!to!teach!specificity!of!responses!
Implication:!Able!to!teach!specificity!of!responses!
Second/order/conditioning:!the!original!pairing!of!a!bell!with!food,!bell!=!first!order!conditioned!stimuli!–!a!
CS1.!Link!the!CS1!with!a!second!conditioned!stimulus!eg:!black!square,!with!repeated!exposures!the!CR!
occurs!only!with!exposure!to!the!second!conditioned!stimulus!(not!the!CS1).!
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E.g.!CS1!=!light;!CS2!=!black!square!...!eventually!the!black!square!becomes!the!CS!(second9order!
conditioning)!
Difficult!to!get!beyond!second9order!conditioning!
Implication:!Able!scaffold!conditioning!of!responses!
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Counterconditioning:!pair!the!stimulus!(CS)!that!elicits!fear!with!a!stimulus!(US)!that!elicits!positive!
emotion!(UR).!
Implication:!Can!replace!one!response!to!a!stimulus!with!another!
Interstimulus/interval:!the!time!between!the!presentation!of!the!CS!&!UCS.!
Implication:!pair!the!CS!&!UCS!as!quickly!as!possible!to!ensure!the!connection!works.!