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What are they and how do they work?
CHAPTER 3: ECOSYSTEMS
Cell Review
 Smallest functional unit of life
 Cell theory
 All living things are made of cells
 Single or multi-cellular
 Prokaryotic
 Eukaryotic
http://www.cic-caracas.org/departments/science/Topic1.php
http://www.uvm.edu/~inquiryb/webquest/fa06/mvogenbe/
Ecology
 Study of how organisms interact
with one another and with their
physical environment (matter and
energy)
 Connections in Nature
http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfruf/bio3002/levels_ecology.htm
Levels of Organization
Species
 Set of individuals that can mate
and produce fertile offspring
 Classification system
 KPCOFGS
 Genus species or Genus species
Population
 Group of individuals of the same
species hat live in the same place
a the same time
 Variation – genetic diversity
 Habitat – where they live
Community
 Biological community
 All the populations of different
species that live in a particular
place
Ecosystem
 Community of different species
interacting with one another and
with their nonliving environment
(soil, water, other forms of
matter, and energy)
 No clear boundaries
 Not isolated
Biomes
 Large regions of land with distinct
climates and certain species
 Especially vegetation
 Aquatic Biomes
 Marine
 Freshwater (2%)
http://www.life.illinois.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/04Ecosystems/BiomeMap.gif
Biosphere
 The Global ecosystem in which all
organisms exist and can interact
wit one another
 Parts of the
 atmosphere
 hydrosphere and
 geosphere where life exists
Atmosphere
 Thin spherical envelope of
gases surrounding the earths
surface
 Troposphere – greenhouse
gases
 Stratosphere – ozone layer
http://qwickstep.com/search/?q=5+layers+of+the+atmosphere
Hydrosphere
 All the water on or near the
earth’s surface
 Liquid, solid, gas forms
 71% in Ocean
 Earth’s
core,
mantel
and
outer
crust
http://thegeosphere.pbworks.com/
Geosphere
3 Factors work together within the
Spheres
4 SPHERES MAKE UP THE
LIFE – SUPPORT SYSTEM
Gravity
 Allows the planet to hold
onto its atmosphere
 Enables movement and
cycling of chemicals
through air, water, soil and
organisms
Recycling of Matter within and
between Ecosystems
One way flow of high
quality energy
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/greenhouse-effect
2 components of an Ecosystem
 Abiotic
 Nonliving components
 water, air, nutrients, rocks, heat,
solar energy
 Biotic
 Living and once living biological
components
 Plants, animals, microbes
Range of Tolerance
 Different species and their
populations thrive under different
physical and chemical conditions
Limiting Factor Principle
 Too much or too little of any
abiotic factor can limit or prevent
growth of a population, even if all
other factors are at or near the
optimal range of tolerance
 Contributes to population control
 Examples?
Trophic(feeding) levels
 Producers
 Autotrophs
 “Self – feeders”
 Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O = light = C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Chemosynthesis
Trophic(feeding) levels
 Consumers
 Heterotrophs
 “Other – feeders”
 Herbivores, Carnivores, Higher-
level Carnivores, Omnivores,
 Decomposers, Detritivores
Page 61 Science Focus
MANY OF THE WORLD’S MOST
IMPORTANT SPECIES ARE
INVISIBLE TO US
http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter2.html
The movement of nutrients (blue
arrows) and energy (red arrows) and
both (brown arrows) through the
ecosystem
 Sequence of organisms, each of
which serves as a source of food
or energy for the next
http://producersconsumers.wikispaces.com/11
Food Chains
http://envirosci.net/111/niches/niches.htm
Food Web
Complex network of interconnected
food chains
Useable energy decreases
 Ecological efficiency
 % of usable chemical energy
transferred from one tropic level
to the next
 Typically 10%
 Pyramid of Energy Flow
http://www.mlms.logan.k12.ut.us/~mlowe/speds2o2b.html
http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/ecological-pyramids
OWL PELLETS, FOOD WEBS,
AND BIOMASS PYRAMIDS
NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE
BIOSPHERE