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Stem Cells What are Stem Cells? • Stem Cells: Cells that can turn into specific types of cells (neurons, skin cells, etc.) – Adult: held somewhere in body; replace skin, intestinal, and blood cells – Embryonic: come from fertilized eggs Adult Stem Cells • Multipotent: can become only a few cell types • Replace constantly dying cells (skin, intestines, blood) • Scientists are able to turn adult stem cells into embryonic stem cells by inserting genes into them! – This became necessary when embryonic stem cell research was banned in 2000 Embryonic Stem Cells Totipotent: “The Mother of All Stem Cells” - Can give rise to any cell type - Fertilized egg or a few divisions later Pluripotent: “Stem Cell Lines” - Can give rise to 200 cell types - Blastocyst (Day 4 after fertilization) - Stem Cell Lines come from unused blastocysts from In-Vitro procedures Day 1 Fertilized Egg: Totipotent Day 4 Blastocyst: Pluripotent Potential Uses of Stem Cells • Embryonic Stem Cells could be used for: – Growing replacement cells and organs Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, spinal cord injuries, stroke, heart disease, type I diabetes, arthritis… Potential Uses of Stem Cells • Drug Testing: Grow liver cells to test the effects of a drug on the liver, for ex. • Research how genes are turned on and turned into organs, etc. – Prevent cancer, birth defects U.S. Battle over Stem Cells • 2000: Gov’t. begins to only fund research on existing stem cell lines • 2004: House passes bill to fund research with new stem cell lines; Bush vetoes • 2007: House and Senate pass bill to fund research again; Bush vetoes • 2009: Obama overturns 2000 decision