Download Unit 5 Objective/Vocab Sheet

Name: ______________________________
Biology Unit 4: Evolution
NC Essential Standards:
- Bio.3.4.1 Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution.
- Bio.3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time.
- Bio.3.4.3 Explain how various disease agents (bacteria, viruses, chemicals) can influence natural selection.
- Bio.4.1.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins, and amino acids in carrying out the work of
cells and how this is similar in all organisms.
Students Will Be Able To…
Summarize the hypothesized early atmosphere and experiments that suggest how the first early
“cells” may have evolved.
- Describe how early conditions affected the type of organism that developed (first
anaerobic and prokaryotic, then photosynthetic, then eukaryotic, then multicellular).
Describe the different forms of evidence that support evolutionary relationships among species.
- Summarize how fossil evidence informs our understanding of the evolution of species
and what can be inferred from this evidence.
- Generalize what shared anatomical structures (homologies) tell us about evolution.
- Generalize what biochemical (molecular) similarities tell us about evolution
Create a cause and effect model for the process of natural selection. Include the following statements and describe how they are related to one another and to the process of natural selection:
- Species have the potential to increase in numbers exponentially.
- Populations are genetically variable due to mutations and genetic recombination.
- There is a finite supply of resources required for life.
- Changing environments select for specific genetic phenotypes.
- Organisms with favorable adaptations survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles.
- The accumulation and change in favored alleles leads to changes in species over time.
Illustrate the role of geographic isolation in speciation.
Recall that the sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for specific amino acids which link to
form proteins and describe how that sequence is transcribed and translated into a protein.
- Describe the significance that the five nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G, and U) found in
nucleic acids are the same in all organisms
Develop a cause and effect model for the role of disease agents in natural selection
- Describe how the evolutionary selection of resistance to antibiotics and pesticides,
passive/active immunity, antivirals, and vaccines have an influence on natural selection
KNOW the definition and application of the following words…
Biogenesis
Breeds
Classification
Microsphere
Morphology
Phylogenetic tree
Species
Spontaneous
Generation
the process in which life forms arise from similar life forms; it asserts that living things can
only be produced by another living thing, and not by a non-living thing
a race or variety of men, or of animals, or of plants, perpetuating its special or distinctive
characteristics by inheritance
the systematic grouping of living things based on characteristics, hierarchical, or phylogenetic
relationships
is non-living and made by amino acids joining under heat to form short peptide chains. Is
believed to have evolved into the first living cells.
the biological study of the form and structure of living
diagram that shows how species are related to each other through common ancestors
group of organisms that are similar enough to mate together and produce fertile offspring
early misconception that living things could be produced by a non-living thing
Name: ______________________________
Strains
Subspecies
Taxonomy
Endosymbiotic
Theory
Analogous
structure
Artificial
Selection
Co-Evolution
Comparative
Embryology
Convergent
Evolution
Cytochrome C
Directional
Selection
Disruptive
Selection
Divergent
Evolution
Evolution
Extinction
Fossil
Genetic Drift
Geographical
isolation
Gradualism
Homologous
structure
Mass Extinction
variations of a particular species that possesses minor differences in its characteristics though
still remain distinguishable. A different group of species(microbiology).
a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of
geographical isolation within a species. The most precise classification of organism.
the science of classifying organisms
states that some of the organelles in today's eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes
structure that is similar in unrelated organisms because it evolved to do the same job, not
because it was inherited from a common ancestor
process in which organisms evolve traits useful to humans because people select which
individuals are allowed to reproduce and pass on their genes to successive generations
two or more species having a close ecological relationship evolve together such that one species
adapts to the changes of the other
study of the similarities and differences in the embryos of different species
evolution wherein organisms evolve structures that have similar (analogous) structures or
functions in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated
protein which carries electrons, that is central to the process of respiration in mitochondria (an
organelle found in eukaryotes which produces energy)
type of natural selection for a polygenic trait in which one of two extreme phenotypes is
selected for, resulting in a shift of the phenotypic distribution toward that extreme
type of natural selection for a polygenic trait in which phenotypes in the middle of the
phenotypic distribution are selected against, resulting in two overlapping phenotypes, one at
each end of the distribution
The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more
descendant species, resulting in once similar or related species to become more dissimilar
The change in genetic composition of a population over successive generations, which may be
caused by natural selection, inbreeding, hybridization, or mutation
situation in which a species completely dies out and no members of the species remain
preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past
a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population
separation of species due to changes in topography (formation of rivers, mountains, etc..) that
prevents successful reproduction. This may lead to speciation (formation of new species) and
endangering species to extinction due to a small gene pool.
evolutionary changes in a population that occurs slowly, but steadily
structure that is similar in related organisms because it was inherited from a common ancestor
The extinction of one or more species in a relatively short period of geological time, usually as
a consequence of a catastrophic global event, a natural disaster, or an abrupt change in the
environment, and based on studies of fossil records and macroscopic evidence
Natural Selection
process by which heritable traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and
reproduction are favored than less beneficial traits
Punctuated
A theory that describes an evolutionary change happening rapidly and in brief geological events
Equilibrium
in between the long periods of stasis (or equilibrium)
Reproductive
gene Flow is prevented between two populations of the same species. Reproductive isolating
isolation
mechanisms are factors like different mating seasons or calls.
Sexual Selection
a form of natural selection in which, according to Darwin's theory, the male or female is
attracted by certain characteristics, form, color, behavior, etc., in the opposite sex; thus
modifications of a special nature are brought about in the species.
Speciation
the process in which new genetically distinct species evolve usually as a result of genetic
isolation from the main population
Stabilizing
type of natural selection for a polygenic trait in which phenotypes at both extremes of the
Selection
phenotypic distribution are selected against, resulting in a narrowing of the range of phenotypic
variation
Vestigial
structure such as the human tailbone or appendix that evolution has reduced in size because it is
structure (organ)
no longer used
Name: ______________________________