Download Status of Indian and global developments in Genetically Modified

Status of Indian and global
developments in
Genetically Modified crops
Jeetendra Solanki
Biotech Consortium India Limited,
New Delhi
INTRODUCTION
‰
Classical plant breeding is limited to the introduction of
required characters into plant by genetic crossing during
sexual reproduction
‰
To feed the ever increasing population more and more
food has to be produced from less and less land water
and other natural resources
‰
It is obvious that emphasis has to be laid on new
technologies that can improve crop yield against adverse
conditions of biotic and abiotic stresses and improve the
quality
contd
‰ The earlier part of plant biotechnology era has been the
development of tissue culture protocols of several
commercially important crops
‰ The “gene revolution” as compared to green revolution is
poised to benefit both poor and rich farmers equally and has
an immense potential in transforming global agriculture.
‰ In India, significant efforts have been made to significantly
for developing several programmes in Biotechnology
WHAT IS A TRANSGENIC CROP
– A transgenic crop is a crop which
contains a gene or genes of a
different species artificially inserted
in its genome,which may come from
an unrelated plant or from a
completed different species.
Why make transgenic crops?
z Due
to limitations of conventional breeding
for attaining the desirable traits use of
recombinant DNA technology has been
taken advantage of and development of
transgenics started
CELL: SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFE
NUCLEUS: BRAIN OF THE CELL
CHROMOSOMES: STRUCTURE CONTAINING THE
GENETIC INFORMATION
GENES: SMALLER PIECES OF GENETIC
INFORMATION
DNA: BUILDING BLOCK OF THE GENE, DOUBLE
HELIX STRUCTURE
Organization of DNA in the cell
Biotechnology is an Extension of
Traditional Plant Breeding
TRADITIONAL PLANT BREEDING
DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant
breeding combines many genes at once.
Many genes are transferred
Desired Gene
X
Donor
Plant
Commercial
Plant Variety
New Plant
Variety
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Using plant biotechnology, you can add a single gene to the strand.
Desired Gene
A single gene is
transferred
Desired
Gene
+
Donor
Commercial
Plant Variety
Improved
Commercial
Plant Variety
Development of GM Crop/
Trasgenics
‹ Identify gene(s)
giving a desired trait
‹ Make copies of the gene
‹ Transfer to plant tissue
‹ Regenerate plants
‹ Lab analysis and safety testing
‹ Development of a variety
‹ Field tests
‹ Approval by Government agencies
‹ Commercialization
‹ Monitoring of efficacy and safety
7-8 years
Methods of producing transgenic plant
Advantages of transgenic crops
over breeding
Breeding
Transgenic crops
Exchange of genes
within a species
No barrier
Gene of interest with
flanking sequence
transferred
Only Gene of Interest
Simple Technology
Intensive Technology
History of Safety
New Technology
Time needed for
Safety History
Transgenic Crops:
Development Objectives
z Integrated
pest management
z Herbicide tolerance
z Nutritional enhancements
z Product quality improvement
z Increase in yield
z Stress tolerance
z Plant based pharmaceuticals
GLOBAL SCENARIO 2006:
Crops approved for commercial use
z
z
z
z
z
z
First crop introduced was Flavr Savr tomato in
USA in 1995
So far 20 crops approved for commercial
cultivation in different countries
Only four crops being marketed commercially I.e.,
corn, cotton, soybean and canola
Commercial production initiated for papaya,
squash, rice and alfalfa in USA and other
countries, Others are approved but not yet being
marketed
Major characteristics are insect resistance,
herbicide tolerance, virus resistance and improved
product quality
Major countries include USA, Canada, Japan,
China, India, Brazil, EU, Argentina, South Africa
GLOBAL SCENARIO 2006:
Area Under Cultivation
Area under cultivation:
102 million hectares
No. of countries:
22
No. of farmers:
over 10 million
Global area of transgenic crops
from 1996 to 2006
(million hectares)
GLOBAL SCENARIO 2006:
Crops Under Research
z
63 countries involved at various stages
z 57 plants identified for development
z Second generation of traits include modifications
such as nutritional enhancement, disease
tolerance, stress tolerance and production of
pharmaceuticals
STATUS OF GM CROPS IN INDIA:
Crops approved for commercial use
z
z
z
z
z
Only one crop approved i.e. Bt cotton
Three hybrids containing Cry1Ac gene
approved in 2002 and one in 2004
Six hybrids approved for northern states in
2005
62 hybrids approved for Kharif 2006
Three new events approved I.e.
i.
Cry1Ac gene (event 1) by M/s J.K. Agri Seeds
Ltd.
ii. Fusion genes (cry 1Ab+cry 1Ac) 'GFM by M/s
Nath Seeds
iii. Stacked genes cry1Ac and cry1Ab by M/s
MAHYCO
Area under Bt cotton cultivation
Bt Cotton Hybrids Approved in India
Zone
North
Central &
North
Central
Company
Hybrid
Ankur Seeds Ltd
Ankur 2534 Bt
J.K. Agri Genetics Seeds Ltd.
JKCH 1947 Bt
MAHYCO
MRC – 6304 Bt, MRC 6029 Bt., MRC-6025 Bt.
Nath Seeds Ltd.
NCEH-6R
Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd
NCS 138 Bt.
Rasi Seeds Ltd
RCH – 134 Bt, RCH 308 Bt., RCH – 317 Bt, RCH 314 Bt.
Ankur Seeds Ltd
Ankur – 651 Bt
MAHYCO
MRC – 6301 Bt
Ajeet Seeds Ltd.
ACH-11-2 BG II
Ankur Seeds Ltd
Ankur – 09
Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
GK 205 Bt., GK 204 Bt.
J.K.Agri Genetics Seeds Ltd.
JK Varun Bt.
Krishidhan Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
KDCHH 9821 Bt., KDCHH-441 BG II
MAHYCO
MECH 12 Bt *, MRC 7301 BG II,
MRC-7326 BG II, MRC-7347 BG II
Nath Seeds Ltd.
NCEH-2R
Pravardhan Seeds Ltd.
PRCH-102 Bt.
Rasi Seeds
RCH 377 Bt., RCH –144 Bt, RCH –118 Bt,
RCH - 138 Bt
Vikki Agrotech Pvt Ltd
VCH 111 Bt
Zone
Central & South
North/Central/
South
South
Company
Hybrid
Ajeet Seeds Ltd.
ACH-33-1 Bt., ACH-155-1
Emergent Genetics
Brahma Bt.
Krishidhan Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
KDCHH 9810 Bt., KDCHH 9632 Bt.
MAHYCO
MECH 162 Bt* , MECH 184 Bt*
Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd.
NCS – 207 Mallika, NCS – 145 Bunny
Prabhat Seeds Ltd.
NPH 2171 Bt.
Rasi Seeds Ltd
RCH 2 Bt
Tulasi Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
Tulasi 4 Bt., Tulasi 117 Bt.
Vikram Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
VICH 5 Bt., VICH 9 Bt.
Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd
NCS-913 Bt.
Ganga Kaveri
GK-209 Bt., GK-207 Bt.
JK Agri Genetics Ltd.
JK Durga Bt, JKCH-99 Bt
MAHYCO
MRC – 6322 Bt, MRC – 6918 Bt,
MRC-7351 BG II, MRC 7201 BG II
Nath Seeds Ltd.
NCEH-3 R
Prabhat Seeds Ltd.
PCH-2270 Bt.
Rasi Seeds Ltd
RCH – 20 Bt, RCH – 368 Bt, RCH 111 BG I,
RCH-371 BG I, RCHB-708 BG I
Crops Under Research
Crops Under Development and
Field Trials
z
z
z
11 crops under various stages of contained field
trials
Include brinjal, cotton, cabbage, corn, groundnut,
pigeon pea, castor, tomato, rice, okra and
cauliflower
Traits include insect resistance, herbicide
tolerance, virus resistance, nutritional
enhancement, salt tolerance, fungal resistance