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Aim: Why did the Roman Republic Become an Empire? • (HW Question: How did Rome grow from a single city to the center of a huge empire?) How did the geography of Rome affect its development? • • • • • • • • Vocabulary: peninsula maritime imperial commodities dominion rampart citadel What geographic features made Italy a favorable site for civilization? • Peninsula: in the center of the Mediterranean Sea (Mare Nostrum) • Lowland valleys: good soil • Climate: rainy, cool winters, mild summers • Mountains: Alps in the north (protection) and climate shielded by Apennine Mountain spine • Natural resources: forests, copper, tin, iron, salt, marble and other building stone The Geography of Rome Italy in 750 BC Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus The Roman Republic: 509 – 27 B.C. • HW question: Describe the three ways in which the plebeians were protected politically. Early Roman Government • In 509 BCE the Roman nobility established a republic (overthrew the Etruscan king) • A republic is a government in which people elect their representatives • The republic was led by two consuls who were elected by an assembly • Only the wealthy (Patricians) could elect the assembly • Eventually more rights were extended to commoners (plebeians) Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) The Twelve Tables, 450 BC Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. • HW question: How did women benefit from the development of Roman Law? The Roman Forum Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus • HW question: What were some motivations for the creation of the Roman Empire? Carthaginian Empire The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE • Carthage was a serious competitor of Rome • By the end of the wars Rome defeated Carthage • As Rome expanded (east into the former empire of Alexander the Great) it transitioned from a republic to an empire http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/13map05punicwars.jpg Hannibal’s Route From The Prince (Niccolo Macchiavelli): • Among the wonderful deeds of Hannibal this one is enumerated: that having led an enormous army, composed of many various races of men, to fight in foreign lands, no dissensions arose either among them or against the prince, whether in his bad or in his good fortune. This arose from nothing else than his inhuman cruelty, which, with his boundless valour, made him revered and terrible in the sight of his soldiers, but without that cruelty, his other virtues were not sufficient to produce this effect. And short-sighted writers admire his deeds from one point of view and from another condemn the principal cause of them. That it is true his other virtues would not have been sufficient for him may be proved by the case of Scipio, that most excellent man, not only of his own times but within the memory of man, against whom, nevertheless, his army rebelled in Spain; this arose from nothing but his too great forbearance, which gave his soldiers more license than is consistent with military discipline. Fordham.edu The Expansion of the Roman Empire Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus The poor and military veterrans should be given grain and small plots of free land. The Social Wars: 100-40 B.C. Marius: Leader of Populares Sulla: Leader of Optimates Proscriptions Military Reformer Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! The First Triumvirate Caius Julius Caesar (Politician, Later General) Marcus Licinius Crassus (The Banker) Gnaeus Pompeius (General) Beware the Ides of March! 44 BC The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus The Roman Empire 27 B.C.- 476 A.D. (West) 1453 A.D. (East) Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor HW • HW question: In what ways did Augustus maintain the forms of the Roman Republic? The First Roman Dynasty Pax Romana: 27 BC – 180 AD The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 AD The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 AD Constantine: 312 – 337 AD Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome”, or Nea Roma (330 AD) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch