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Topics for Academic Biology Final Exam 2015 - 2016 Periods 1-4: Final to be taken Friday, June 7th Period 5: Final to be taken Monday June 10th This is a comprehensive final exam which means test questions are drawn from material learned over the entire semester. Preparation is required if you expect to do well. Resources to use in preparing for the final exam: Read the “Chapter Review” provided in your book at the end of Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16,17 Go to www.ClassZone.com using your username and password. Use the review games/materials for the chapters we’ve covered Review all tests and quizzes – it is helpful to quiz yourself on the material using your old Scantrons as an answer key Come after school to review previously taken biology exams Organize your Notes by date for each unit Reread through all your notes at least once Make a list of topics you need help with and meet with Miss Soraparu Chapter 1: Vocabulary: hypothesis, theory, homeostasis, prokaryote, eukaryote, unicellular, multicellular, sexual, asexual Purpose of science Parts of a controlled experiment (control and experimental set-ups, hypothesis, variables) Laboratory tools Characteristics of living things Branches of Biology Metric Units Determining Microscope Magnification Chapter 2: Vocabulary: matter, mass, element, compound, ion, isomer, atomic number, bonding (ionic, covalent, hydrogen), acids, bases, pH scale, polar molecule, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, monomer, polymer, activation energy, catalyst, enzyme, valence electrons, active site, substrate Parts of an atom and their charges (proton, neutron, electron) Know what identifies an atom How an ion is formed Difference between Ionic and Covalent bonding Parts of a chemical reaction/ chemical equation – reactants, products, how atoms are rearranged to form new compounds Given a chemical formula, determine the types and numbers of elements Properties of water (cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, solvent, density anomaly) Monomer – polymer relationships for proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids Identify the fundamental difference between organic and inorganic compounds Functions of starch, chitin, cellulose, glycogen, glucose, sucrose Know how to determine if a compound is an acid, base or neutral by its chemical formula and pH value Know the factors that can affect enzyme function Know the four major groups of organic molecules Chapter 3: Vocabulary: eukaryotic, prokaryotic, active vs. passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, cell specialization, stem cell, phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable Principles of the cell theory Levels of cellular organizations: cell>tissues>organs>organ system>organism Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic / animal and plant cell structures and functions Basic eukaryotic cell structures and their functions Importance of ribosomes, chloroplasts and mitochondria Methods of both active and passive cell transport methods Chapter 4: Vocabulary: photosynthesis, chloroplast, chlorophyll, cell respiration, mitochondria, ATP, glycolysis Know what organisms can photosynthesize Know what organisms use cell respiration Be able to identify the chemical equation for photosynthesis Know the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration Know when the basic reactants are used in photosynthesis, and the basic products are made Be able to identify the chemical equation for cell respiration Know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration Chapter 5: Vocabulary: Cell cycle, cell division, homologous chromosomes, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, sister chromatids, gametes, haploid, somatic cell, diploid, meiosis, crossing over Purpose of cell division Four stages of mitosis Purpose of cytokinesis Know when chromosomes double in the cell cycle (DNA synthesis) Know what metastasis is (see Cell Unit notes on cancer) Know the difference between a benign and malignant tumor Know the difference between a homologous chromosome pair and a doubled chromosome Meiosis – purpose, and the different end products produced in males and females Historical significance of Gregor Mendel Chapter 6: Vocabulary: autosomes, sex chromosomes, trait, genetics, Punnett square, genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous. genes, alleles Principle of dominance Principle of segregation Law of independent assortment Know how to use a Punnett Square Know how to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios Know the basis of the nature versus nurture controversy Chapter 7: Vocabulary: carrier, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, codominance, incomplete dominance, karyotype Be able to use a Punnett square to determine outcomes of sex-linked trait crosses Given the type of inheritance pattern, be able to determine the outcome of a cross Know how a parent can be a carrier of a genetic disease but not express it themselves Chapter 8: Vocabulary: DNA, nucleotide, double helix, base pair, nitrogen bases (purines, pyrimidines), base pair, replication, semiconservative, gene mutations (frameshift and pointsilent/nonsense/missense), mutagen, central dogma, protein synthesis(transcription, translation), codon, anticodon, genetic code, DNA helicase and polymerase, cloning, recombinant DNA Know the 3 molecules that make up nucleotides Know that nucleotides are monomers of DNA Know what molecules the letters S,P,A,T,G,C stand for Know that James Watson and Francis Crick are the scientists credited with determining DNA’s structure Know Chargaff’s rule for base pairing Know the process of DNA replication Know the purpose of transcription and translation Relationship between chromosome, DNA, gene, allele Know that translation occurs at the ribosome Know how to interpret the genetic code for amino acids Know that not all mutations are bad – they serve as a source of genetic variety and basis for evolution Know which enzyme is responsible for forming DNA and “proofreading” for errors in replication Chapter 9 Vocabulary: Biotechnology, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, genetic screening, gene therapy, transgenic organism, GMO’s (genetically modified organisms) Know what the benefits and concerns of genetically modified organisms are in medicine and agriculture Know what characteristic of the genetic code allows bacteria to make a human protein Know the difference between genetic screening and gene therapy Chapter 10 Vocabulary: adaptation, artificial slection, natural selection, population, fitness,homologous structure, analogous structure, vestigial structure Know the name of the islands on which Darwin based his theory of evolution on Know what Darwin observed during his travels that led to the development of his theory Explain how natural selection acts on existing variations Chapter 11 Vocabulary: gene pool, allele frequency, gene flow, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect, sexual selection, convergent, divergent, coevolution Knowthat genetic variation comes from two main sources: mutation and recombination in meiosis Know that populations, not individuals, evolve as the pop’s allele frequency changes over time. *Know the 5 mechanisms that can lead to evolution: Gene flow (immigration/emigration), Genetic drift (change in allele frequencies due to chance events such as bottleneck or founder effect), Mutations (create new alleles that result in genetic variation needed for evolution), Sexual selection, Natural selection. Know how bottleneck and founder effect can cause genetic drift to occur and reduces genetic variation. Know that when gene flow between two populations stops, the populations are said to be isolated. Know the 4 types of barriers to mating that can lead to reproductive isolation: behavioral, geographic, temporal and ecological (only in notes/powerpoint – not in textbook) Know that isolation of populations can lead to the creation of new species Know that mutation and genetic drift are random events because they cannot be predicted BUT Natural selection is not random. Know the difference between convergent, divergent and co evolution. Chapter 13 Vocabulary: ecology, biotic, abiotic, biodiversity, keystone species, producer, consumer, autotroph, heterotroph, food chain, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, specialist, generalist, trophic level, food web List the 5 levels of ecological organization from smallest to largest. Know relationships that exist between organisms of different trophic levels Know what the represents in terms of energy and nutrient flow in a food chain Identify organism’s trophic level by interpreting a diagram Apply the idea of carrying capacity to both exponential and logistic growth curves The information below not required for Biology Spring 2016 semester Chapter 17 Vocabulary: taxonomy, dichotomous/taxonomic key, species, taxa Historical significance of Karl Linnaeus How to write a scientific name Know the 6 Kingdoms and the shared characteristics of organisms in the same kingdom Know the two kingdoms Linnaeus originally developed Know the 7 taxa and the relationships between them Review the 6 Kingdoms of Life chart we made in class and know: Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells What organisms have prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells Which organisms have a cell wall